Table 1.
Impedance and phase average and standard deviation values at 10 kHz and 1 MHz in pure material sets. Measurement X-direction (X), Y-direction (Y), and Z-direction (Z), (Figure 3).
| Material | 10 kHz | 1 MHz | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| |Z| (Ω) | φ (°) | |Z| (Ω) | φ (°) | |
| Pine sapwood (X) | 6.6 (0.7) | −68.4 (13.0) | 5.2 (0.3) | −63.3 (9.1) |
| Pine heartwood (X) | 7.5 (0.5) | −67.8 (14.8) | 5.8 (0.2) | −77.9 (7.9) |
| Birch wood (X) | 6.9 (0.6) | −69.4 (10.5) | 5.4 (0.3) | −69.0 (10.5) |
| Birch bark (X) | 6.1 (0.8) | −60.4 (10.7) | 4.8 (0.5) | −53.8 (11.1) |
| Pine sapwood (Y) | 6.6 (0.7) | −67.9 (12.8) | 5.2 (0.4) | −63.1 (9.2) |
| Pine heartwood (Y) | 7.4 (0.5) | −67.3 (15.1) | 5.8 (0.2) | −78.0 (7.9) |
| Birch wood (Y) | 6.9 (0.6) | −69.4 (10.7) | 5.4 (0.3) | −69.4 (9.8) |
| Birch bark (Y) | 6.0 (0.7) | −61.1 (12.4) | 4.7 (0.6) | −50.9 (13.1) |
| Pine sapwood (Z) | 6.3 (0.7) | −63.6 (15.9) | 5.1 (0.4) | −64.5 (12.1) |
| Pine heartwood (Z) | 5.6 (0.2) | −80.5 (7.5) | 5.6 (0.2) | −80.5 (7.5) |
| Birch wood (Z) | 6.6 (0.6) | −66.7 (12.0) | 5.2 (0.4) | −70.4 (11.6) |
| Birch bark (Z) | 6.0 (0.7) | −74.5 (11.3) | 4.5 (0.6) | −56.3 (13.1) |