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Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in HuDe cells treated for 48 h in the presence of increasing concentrations of Carthamus Tinctorius (CT) extract (a) or hydroxy safflor yellow A (HSYA) (◾) and safflor yellow A (SYA) (⬥) (b). Phenolic concentrations of CT extract are expressed as µg gallic acid equivalent/mL. * p < 0.05 vs. cells incubated in the absence of CT extracts or SYA and HSYA.
