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Intracellular ROS formation in HuDe cells treated with the pro-oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) (50 µM) in the presence of increasing concentrations of Carthamus Tinctorius (CT) extract (a) or hydroxy safflor yellow A (HSYA) (◾) and safflor yellow A (SYA) (⬥) (b). Phenolic concentrations of CT extract are expressed as µg gallic acid equivalent/mL. * p < 0.05 vs. cells treated with t-BOOH in the absence of CT extracts or SYA and HSYA.
