Table 1.

Comparison of SPR and LSPR-based immunosensors for protein biomarker detection.

Method	Working Principle	Target	Correlation Range	Detection Limit	Ref
PSPR	Site-directed antibody immobilization based on protein A/G	C-reactive protein (CRP)	1.2~80 ng/mL	1.2 ng/mL	[27]
	Antibody immobilization based on EDC/NHS coulping	metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9)	10~200 ng/mL	8 pg/mL	[28]
	Site-directed antibody immobilization based on protein G	human growth hormone (hGH)	66.4~199 ng/mL *	21.9 ng/mL *	[29]
	Sandwich assay based on AuNP-antibody conjugate	Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)	0~2.5 ng/mL	17.8 pg/mL	[32]
	Sandwich assay based on MWCNT-antibody conjugate	Tau Protein	9.87~78.9 ng/mL *	9.87 ng/mL *	[30]
	Sandwich assay based on AuNP-antibody conjugate	Cardiac troponin T (cTnT)	0.5~40 ng/mL	0.5 ng/mL	[33]
LSPR	nanorods (GNR) functionalized with poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM)	Troponin-T (TnT)	7.6~9.1 × 1011 fg/mL	8.4 fg/mL	[34]
	LSPR band shift based on interparticle crosslinking	Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)	0~250 ng/mL	5 ng/mL	[35]
	Core/shell nanoparticle Au@AgNPs and Ag@AuNPs	Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)	0~500 ng/mL	5.4 ng/mL	[36]
	Single AuNP	α-fetoprotein (AFP)	69~6.9 × 107 fg/mL *	6.28 pg/mL *	[37]
	Single AuNP	Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	180~1.8 × 108 fg/mL *	16.9 pg/mL *	[37]
	Single AuNP	Prostate specific antigen (PSA)	28.4~2.84 × 106 fg/mL *	284 fg/mL *	[37]
	Au/Ag Bimetallic nanostructures modified with polydopamine films	Bovine serum albumin (BSA)	0.01~100 ng/mL	0.01 ng/mL	[38]
	LSPR band shift based on the GNR etching resulted by TMB reaction	Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	0~60 ng/mL	2.5 ng/mL	[39]
	LSPR band shift based on the GNR etching resulted by TMB reaction	Prostate specific antigen (PSA)	0~1275 pg/mL	75 pg/mL	[39]

* Some Values have been recalculated to express in terms of mL to provide better comparisons.