Table 1.
Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets.
| Item | Experiment 1 | Experiment 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | AB | AP | C | AB | AP | |
| Ingredients (g/100 g DM) | ||||||
| Alfalfa hay | 37.6 | 24.3 | 24.2 | 37.6 | 15.0 | 12.0 |
| Barley straw | - | 0.959 | - | - | 0.632 | - |
| Grains mix | 59.2 | 61.2 | 59.8 | 59.2 | 59.5 | 56.2 |
| Oat | 3.16 | 1.24 | - | 3.18 | - | - |
| Soybean meal 44% | - | - | 2.63 | - | - | 5.68 |
| Silage | - | 12.4 | 13.4 | - | 24.6 | 25.8 |
| Premix vitamins/minerals | - | - | - | - | 0.316 | 0.352 |
| kg DM offered/day | 2.25 | 2.19 | 2.24 | 1.98 | 1.90 | 1.99 |
| Chemical composition | ||||||
| DM (g/kg FM) | 872 | 577 | 707 | 868 | 398 | 516 |
| g/kg DM | ||||||
| OM | 935 | 935 | 930 | 929 | 937 | 922 |
| EE | 57.3 | 58.3 | 58.1 | 56.7 | 60.6 | 53.8 |
| CP | 146 | 148 | 148 | 150 | 143 | 144 |
| NDF | 432 | 411 | 454 | 452 | 443 | 442 |
| ADF | 206 | 203 | 204 | 205 | 200 | 210 |
| ADL | 44.6 | 41.1 | 54.6 | 45.2 | 42.9 | 41.0 |
| PT | 1.59 | 2.84 | 2.04 | 2.88 | 4.27 | 3.55 |
| IVDMD | 717 | 728 | 717 | 699 | 650 | 687 |
| 1 ME (Mcal/kg DM) | 2.57 | 2.53 | 2.55 | 2.46 | 2.55 | 2.48 |
| VFA and fermentation products (g/kg DM) | ||||||
| Lactate | n.d. | n.d. | 11.1 | n.d. | n.d. | 24.9 |
| Acetate | 18.6 | 24.7 | 28.7 | 19.3 | 24.0 | 25.1 |
| Propionate | n.d. | n.d. | 5.35 | n.d. | 12.2 | n.d. |
| Butyrate | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 4.60 | n.d. |
| Ethanol | n.d. | 3.09 | n.d. | n.d. | 8.20 | n.d. |
| Ammonia N (g N-NH3/kg NT) | 1.40 | 9.38 | 2.65 | 2.41 | 20.9 | 3.48 |
| Fatty acids profile (g/100 g total fatty acids) | ||||||
| C4:0 | 0.053 | 2.30 | 0.072 | 0.052 | 7.31 | 0.246 |
| C6:0 | 0.067 | 0.547 | 0.068 | 0.047 | 1.966 | 0.151 |
| C12:0 | 0.244 | 0.108 | 0.095 | 0.123 | 0.087 | 0.089 |
| C14:0 | 0.429 | 0.359 | 0.349 | 0.410 | 0.358 | 0.351 |
| C16:0 | 17.7 | 16.5 | 16.8 | 17.4 | 16.1 | 17.9 |
| C16:1c9 | 0.266 | 0.389 | 0.290 | 0.268 | 0.297 | 0.291 |
| C18:0 | 3.72 | 3.44 | 3.38 | 3.48 | 3.03 | 3.59 |
| C18:1c9 | 25.5 | 25.7 | 26.1 | 24.9 | 21.3 | 24.5 |
| C18:1c11 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.06 |
| C18:2n6 | 44.3 | 44.3 | 46.4 | 45.5 | 41.2 | 45.5 |
| C18:3n3 | 3.86 | 2.80 | 2.79 | 3.97 | 3.45 | 3.47 |
| C20:0 | 0.498 | 0.422 | 0.497 | 0.472 | 0.420 | 0.486 |
| C20:1n9 | 0.314 | 0.314 | 0.329 | 0.312 | 0.297 | 0.309 |
| C22:0 | 0.510 | 0.184 | 0.483 | 0.462 | 0.369 | 0.411 |
| C24:0 | 0.211 | 0.279 | 0.367 | 0.392 | 0.322 | 0.330 |
| SFA | 24.2 | 24.9 | 22.5 | 23.3 | 32.2 | 24.1 |
| MUFA | 27.3 | 27.6 | 28.0 | 26.6 | 23.0 | 26.3 |
| PUFA | 48.5 | 47.6 | 49.4 | 50.1 | 44.8 | 49.6 |
| Mineral profile | ||||||
| Na (g/kg DM) | 2.02 | 2.24 | 4.16 | 2.57 | 2.58 | 4.56 |
| Mg (g/kg DM) | 3.14 | 3.12 | 3.00 | 3.13 | 3.01 | 2.67 |
| K (g/kg DM) | 13.6 | 14.7 | 15.1 | 13.9 | 15.4 | 15.5 |
| Ca (g/kg DM) | 8.45 | 7.96 | 8.33 | 8.60 | 6.66 | 9.12 |
| P (g/kg DM) | 2.72 | 3.33 | 3.07 | 3.17 | 3.31 | 3.19 |
| S (g/kg DM) | 3.17 | 2.94 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 2.98 | 2.94 |
| Se (mg/kg DM) | 0.243 | 0.188 | 0.176 | 0.375 | 0.336 | 0.350 |
| Zn (mg/kg DM) | 53.3 | 54.2 | 46.3 | 59.5 | 73.0 | 61.4 |
| Cu (mg/kg DM) | 6.84 | 6.68 | 6.60 | 6.16 | 6.50 | 6.09 |
| Fe (mg/kg DM) | 274 | 351 | 217 | 373 | 277 | 257 |
| Mn (mg/kg DM) | 45.6 | 54.4 | 44.8 | 62.7 | 61.0 | 62.5 |
C: Control diet, AB: Diet with artichoke bracts silage, AP: Diet with artichoke plant silage, DM: Dry matter, FM: Fresh matter, OM: Organic matter, EE: Ether extract, CP: Crude protein, NDF: Neutral detergent fibre, ADF: Acid detergent fibre, ADL: Acid detergent lignin, TP: Total polyphenols, IVDMD: In vitro dry matter digestibility, EM: Metabolic energy, VFA: Volatile fatty acids, SFA: Saturated fatty acids, MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; 1 [16].