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. 2020 Feb 12;25(4):802. doi: 10.3390/molecules25040802

Table 1.

Some features of the main routes for the conversion of biomass into jet fuels.

OTJ GTJ ATJ STJ
Feedstocks Vegetable oils Lignocellulose, municipal and agricultural residues, Biomass-derived alcohols Sugars, furanics, platform molecules
Reaction steps

  1. Hydrotreating

  2. Fractionation

  1. Gasification

  2. Fischer–Tropsch

  3. Fractionation

  1. Dehydration

  2. Oligomerization

  3. Hydrogenation

  4. Fractionation

  1. Deoxygenation

  2. C–C coupling

  3. Hydrogenation

  4. Fractionation
Catalysts Mostly alumina-supported metal sulfides Fe- and Co-based supported catalysts Heterogeneous and homogeneous acid catalysts A wide range of heterogeneous catalysts
Commercial readiness Commercial Demonstration Laboratory–demonstration Laboratory–demonstration
Minimum selling price ($/gal) 4.4–5.1 [45] 3.9–4.3 [62] NA Above 3.5 [111]
GHG emissions (g CO2/MJ) 13–141 [47] 2–10 [65] NA 15–49 [111]
Jet fuel with aromatics No Yes, with FT-SKA Yes Yes
ASTM approved fuel Yes, blended up to 50% v/v with fossil jet fuel Yes, blended up to 50% v/v with fossil jet fuel Yes, blended up to 50% v/v with fossil jet fuel Test against ASTM on going