3D CAG	Three- dimensional carbon aerogel electrode
3D-GF	3D graphene foam
3D-GN	Three-dimensional graphene network
4-ABSA	4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid
5-HT	5-hydroxytryptamine
AA	Ascorbic acid
ABA	p-Aminobenzoic acid
ABTS	An 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
Ag NPRs	Silver nanoprisms
Ag NPs	Silver nanoparticles
Ag NT	Silver nanotriangle
AgHCF NPs	Silver hexacyanoferrate NPs
AgQL	Semiquinone form after oxidization of L in the presence of Ag(I)
AHMT	4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol
AMP	Amperometry
AN	Acupuncture needle
AP	Acetaminophen
APBA	3-aminophenyl-boronic acid
APTES	3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane
ATR	Attenuated total reflection
Au NCs	Au Nanoclusters
Au NPs	Gold Nanoparticles
AuNF@g-C3N4–PANI	Gold nanoflower @graphitic carbon nitride polymer nanosheet–polyaniline hybrids
Au NPs @PS	Gold nanoparticles coated polystyrene
Au NPs–CD–Gra	Graphene decorated with gold nanoparticles
AuNRs–Ag+	Au core–Ag shell nanorods
BCG	Bromocresol green
B-N-CDs	Carbon dots with boronic acid and amino groups
BQ	Benzoquinone
BSA	Bovine serum albumin
CA	Chronoamperometric
CCE	Carbon composite electrode
CCG	Chemically converted graphene
CD	Cyclodextrin
CDP	Polycyclodextrin
CDs	Carbon dots
CDs/TYR	Carbon dots/tyrosinase
CF	Carbon fiber
CFE	Carbon fiber electrode
CFMEs	Carbon-fiber microelectrodes
CILE	Carbon ionic liquid electrode
CL	Chemiluminescence
CNF	Carbon nanofibers
CNPEs	Carbon nanopipette electrodes
CNS	Carbon nanospikes
CNTs	Carbon nanotubes
CNTy-D	CNT yarn disk-shaped
CNTYMEs	Carbon nanotube yarn microelectrodes
CPE	Carbon paste electrode
C–PVC	Carbon–polyvinylchloride
CS	Chitosan
CSHMs	Chitosan/silica sol–gel hybrid membranes
CTAB	Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
Cu(tpa)	Copper terephthalate metal-organic framework
Cu–Mo	Copper–molybdenum
Cu-MPS	Copper-(3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxy silane
CuZEA	Cu-zeolite A
CVD	Chemical vapor deposition
DA	Dopamine
DAAPT	Dopamine DNA aptamer
DA-RC	D3 dopamine receptor
DBA	Dopamine-binding aptamer
DES	Deep eutectic solvents
DHP	Dihexadecylphosphate
DMAP	4-(dimethylamino) pyridine
DOPA	3-(3,4 dihydroxyphenyl)-alanine
DOPAC	3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid
D-POF	D-shaped plastic optical fiber
DPV	Differential pulse voltammetry
DS	Dodecyl sulfate
ds-DNA	Double stranded DNA
DSP	3,3′-Dithiodipropionic acid di(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester)
DTSSP	Dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate)
EC	Electrochemical
ECL	Electrochemiluminescence
EDOT	3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
EDTA	N-(trimethoxysilylpropyl) ethylenediamine triacetic acid
EP	Epinephrine
EPD	Electrophoretic deposition
ERGO	Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide
ERGO–FA	Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide–ferulic acid
ET-SDBS-NPPy	Electrochemically treated sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate doped nano polypyrrole
F3GA	Cibacron Blue
FB-Au NPs	Fluorescein modified gold nanoparticles
FCN	Ferrocyanide
Fc-NH2	1-[(4-amino) phenylethynyl] ferrocene
FCNMCPE	Ferrocyanide modified carbon paste electrodes
f-CNTs	Fiber-like carbon nanotubes
F-CuInS2 QDs	3-aminophenyl boronic acid-functionalized CuInS2 QDs
Fe (NTA)	Iron-nitrilotriacetic acid
FET	Field-effect transistor
FGGE	Functionalized-graphene modified graphite electrode
f-MWCNTs	Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes
f-RGO	Flower-like graphene-nanosheet clusters
FSCV	Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
FTIR	Fourier transform infrared
GABA	Gamma-aminobutyric acid
G-AN	Graphene-modified acupuncture needle
g-C3N4 NSs–PTCA	Graphite-like carbon nitride nanosheets/3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid hybrids
GCE	Glassy carbon electrode
GCPE	Glassy carbon paste electrode
GD	Glutaric dialdehyde
GE	Graphite electrode
GEF	Graphene flowers
GNBs	Graphene nanobelts
GN-PSS	Graphene- Poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)
GNSs	Graphene nano-sheets
GO	Graphene oxide
GONRs	Graphene oxide nanoribbons
GPE	Graphite paste electrode
GS	Graphene sheet
GSCR	Graphene sheets/Congo red
GSH	Glutathione
g-silica NW	Grafted silica network
HAu-G	Hollow gold-graphene
HCNTsPAH-CdSe QDs	Helical CNTs, polyallylamine hydrochloride and CdSe QDs
HDA	1,6-hexanediamine
HDPPy	Highly dispersed polypyrrole nanospheres
HKUST-1	(Hong Kong University of Science and echnology):MOF;copper nodes with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid struts between them
HPLC	High performance liquid chromatography
HRP	Horseradish peroxidase
IL	Ionic Liquid
ITO	Indium tin oxide
L	N,N′-Bis(salicylidene)-1,3-propanediamine
La	Lanthanum
Lac	Laccase
Lap	Laponite
LbL	Layer-by-layer
L-Cys-capped InP/ZnS QDs	L- Cysteine-capped indium phosphide/zinc sulfide QDs
LDH	Layered double hydroxide
L-His	L-Histidine
LOD	Limit of detection
LSG	Laser scribed graphene
LSPR	Localized surface plasmon resonance
LSPs	Localized surface plasmons
LSSV	Linear square stripping voltammetry
LSV	Linear sweep voltammetry
MA	Melamine
MBA	4-mercaptophenylboronic acid
MBIP	Molecularly bioimprinted polymer
MGNFs	Multilayer graphene nanoflake films
MIL-101 (Fe)	A typical metal organic framework
MIP	Molecularly imprinted polymer
MOFs	Metal-organic frameworks
MoS2 QDNS	MoS2 quantum dots dispersed over MoS2 nanosheets
MPEG	Methoxypolyethylene glycol
MSA	Mercaptosuccinic acid
MSN	Mesoporous silica Nanoparticles
MWCNT-IE	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes intercalated graphite electrodes
MWCNTs	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
N, GQDs	Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots
Nb	Niobium
NF	Nickel foam
NG	Nitrogen-doped graphene
NH2-β-CD	Mono-6-amino-β-cyclodextrin
NiONPs	Nickel oxide nanoparticles
nMEA	Neural microelectrode array
NsNHS-AuNPs	Nile blue modified gold nanoparticles
NTs	Neurotransmitters
NW	Nanowire
OPD	o-phenylenediamine
OPPD	Poly-(1,2-phenylenediamine)
OPPy	Overoxidized Polypyrrole
P	5,15-pentafluorophenyl-10,20-p-aminophenylporphyrin
P3MT	Poly-3-methylthiophene
P3MT/γ-CD	Poly-3-methylthiophene combined with γ -cyclodextrin
P-4-ABA	Poly (4-aminobutyric acid)
pAHWSA	Poly 4-amino-3-hydroxy- 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
PAMAM	Polyamidoamine
PANI	Polyaniline
PAPT	Poly(2-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole)
PB	Platinum black
PBA	4-carboxyphenyl-boronic acid
PBS	Phosphate-buffered saline
PBVC	Poly (vinylbenzyl chloride)
Pd	Palladium
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PDA	Polydopamine
PDAN	Poly-1,5-diaminonaphthalene
PDAN-EDTA	Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid immobilized-poly (1,5-diaminonaphthalene)
PDDA	Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)
PEDOT	Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
PEDOT/IL	PEDOT doped with pure insoluble ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
PEI	Polyethylenimine
PFEs	Polymer film electrodes
pGO	Porous graphene oxide
pHQ	Poly(hydroquinone)
PILs	Poly (ionic liquids)
PIMH	Tris-(2,2′-pyridylimidazole)
PL	Photoluminescence
PLL	poly(L-lysine)
PMA	Polymethacrylate
PMB	Poly (methylene blue)
PMR	Poly (methyl red)
PNAANI	Poly(N-acetylaniline)
PNMPy	Poly(N-methylpyrrole)
PNR	Poly (neutral red)
POA	Poly(o-anisidine)
polyDAN-RB4	Reactive blue-4 (RB4) dye entrapped poly1,5-diaminonaphthalne (polyDAN)
PoPD	o-phenylenediamine
PpPD	Poly(p-phenylenediamine)
PPy	Polypyrrole
PPyox-PTSA	P-toluene sulfonic acid-doped ultrathin polypyrrole
PRRS	Plasmonic resonance Rayleigh scattering
PS	Polystyrene
PSPs	Propagating surface plasmons
PSS	Poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)
PTAP	Poly (2,4,6- triaminopyrmidine)
PTCA	3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid
PTh	Polythiophene
PTh-D	Poly[3-(1,1′-dimethyl-4-piperidinemethylene) thiophene-2,5-diyl chloride]
PTSA	P-toluene sulfonic acid
Pty	Polytyramine
PVP	Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Q	Quercetin
QDs	Quantum dots
rGO	Reduced graphene oxide
rGOS	Reduced graphene oxide sheets
RI	Refractive index
RRS	Resonance Rayleigh Scattering
S-CD	S-doped carbon dots
SDBS	Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate
SDLSV	Second-order derivative linear sweep voltammetry
SDS	Sodium dodecyl sulfate
SE	Serotonin
sG	Solar graphene
SiO2	Mesoporous silica
SNGC	Sonogel-Carbon electrode
SPCE	Screen-printed carbon electrode
SPE	Screen-printed electrode
SPGNE	Screen-printed graphene electrode
SPR	Surface plasmon resonance
SPS	Solid Phase Spectrophotometry
SPs	Surface plasmons
SWCNTs	Single-walled carbon nanotubes
SWV	Square wave voltammetry
Ta	Tantalum
TCPP	Meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine
TGA	Thioglycolic acid
TiNTs	Titania nanotubes
TP+	2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium ion
TPY	2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium ion stabilized inside zeolite matrix
Trp-GR	Tryptophan-functionalized graphene nanocomposite
TS-PANI	Tetragonal star like Polyaniline
UA	Uric acid
UNCD	Ultrananocrystalline diamond
VNIR	Visible and near-infrared
ZnSa	Zinc–salophen
Zr[Fe(CN)6]	Zirconium hexacyanoferrate (II)
β-CD	β-cyclodextrin