Table 1.
Carbon-based electrochemical (EC) sensor for dopamine (DA) detection.
| Material | EC Method | LOD | Sensitivity | Linear Range | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MWCNT-IE | DPV | 0.1 µM | 8.05 µA/µM | 0.5–10 µM | [86] |
| MWCNT–DHP/GCE | DPV | 11 nM | - | 50 nM–5 µM | [87] |
| MWCNT-Nafion/GCE | DPV | 2.5 nM | - | 10 nM–10 µM | [89] |
| Sol–gel CCE | AMP SWV |
0.07 µM 0.1 µM |
0.0414 µA/µM 0.75 µA/µM |
0.5–50 µM 0.5–20 µM |
[119] |
| Pd/CNF-CPE | DPV | 0.2 µM | - | 0.5–160 µM | [120] |
| CNF-CPE | DPV | 0.04 µM | - | 0.04–5.6 µM | [121] |
| (MGNFs)/Si | CV, DPV | 0.17 µM | - | 1–100 µM | [122] |
| GC/MWCNTs/Q/Nafion® | CV | 1.4 µM | 121.6 mA/M cm2 | 1.4–300 µM | [91] |
| GE–CS/GCE | DPV | 5 µM | - | 5–200 µM | [92] |
| ITO/MWCNT-g-silica NW/Au NPs | DPV | 0.1 nM | 17.8 nA/nM | 0.1–30 nM | [123] |
| CNT-AgHCF NPs/GCE | CV | 140 nM | - | 2.4–130 µM | [124] |
| graphene | DPV | 2.64 µM | - | 4–100 µM | [60] |
| CDP–GS–MWCNTs/GCE | DPV | 0.05 µM | - | 0.15–21.65 µM | [125] |
| FGGE | CV, DPV, CA | 0.25 µM | - | 0.5–50 µM | [126] |
| graphene-LDH/GCE | CV, SWV | 0.3 µM | - | 1–199 µM | [127] |
| NiAl-LDH/G/GCE | CV | 9.6 µM | 0.022 µA/µM | 80–400 µM | [128] |
| G/Pt/GCE | CV, DPV | 30 nM | 0.9695 µA/µM | 0.03–8.13 µM | [129] |
| TiO2–graphene–GCE | DPV | 2 µM | - | 5–200 µM | [130] |
| Cu2O/Graphene/GCE | CV | 10 nM | - | 0.1–10 µM | [131] |
| MWCNT/GONR/GCE | DPV | 80 nM | - | 0.5–50 µM | [132] |
| TiO2-GR/4-ABSA/GCE | DPV | 0.1 µM | - | 1–400 µM | [133] |
| La/MWCNT | CA | 13 nM | - | 0.04 µM–0.89 mM | [134] |
| CPE | CV, DPV | 3.7 µM | 106.58 µA/mM | 8–134 µM | [135] |
| Graphene | CV | 0.5 µM | - | 2.5–100 µM | [93] |
| GS–PTCA/GCE | DPV | 0.13 µM | - | 0.4–370 µM | [136] |
| N-dope rGO NG/GCE | DPV | 0.25 µM | - | 0.5–170 µM | [137] |
| SPGNE | DPV | 0.12 µM | - | 0.5–2000 µM | [138] |
| GNSs | CV, DPV | 0.6 µM | - | 4–52 µM | [50] |
| Nafion/graphene/Fc-NH2/GCE | DPV | 0.02 µM | - | 0.05–200 µM | [139] |
| TCPP/CCG | DPV | 0.01 µM | - | 0.01–70 µM | [140] |
| G-Au NPs/GCE | DPV | 1.86 µM | 510.2 µA/mM cm2 | 5–1000 µM | [141] |
| AuNPs-rGOS-ITO | PVD | 60 nM | 62.7 µA/mM cm2 | 0.02–40 µM | [142] |
| AuNPs/ERGO/GCE | DPV | 0.04 µM | - | 0.1–10 µM | [143] |
| AuNPs–-CD–Graphene | SWV | 0.15 µM | - | 0.5–150 µM | [144] |
| sulfonated graphene/GCE | DPV | 0.02 µM | - | 0.2–20 µM | [145] |
| {AuNPs/RGO}20/GCE | DPV | 0.02 µM | - | 1–60 µM | [146] |
| RGO–AuNPs–CSHMs | DPV | 0.3 µM | - | 1–100 µM | [147] |
| Pd-RGO/GCE | DPV | 100 nM | 278 µA/µM cm2 | 2–10 µM | [148] |
| 3D graphene/CNT/Nafion/HRP | CV, AMP | 20 nM | 470.7 mA/M cm2 | 2–64 µM | [149] |
| SWCNT–GNS/GCE | DPV | 10 nM | - | 0.1–52.5 µM | [150] |
| CuZEA/RGO/GCE | DPV | 41 nM | - | 0.1–19 µM | [151] |
| Pd Pt/PDDA–RGO | DPV | 0.04 µM | - | 4–400 µM | [152] |
| RGO-Pd/GCE | LSV | 0.233 µM | 2.62 µA/µM cm2 | 1–150 µM | [153] |
| NG | CV, LSV | 0.93 µM | - | 100–450 µM | [154] |
| HAu-G/GCE | AMP | 0.05 µM | - | 0.08–600 µM | [155] |
| NG/PEI/GCE | DPV | 0.5 µM | - | 1–130 µM | [156] |
| GO | DPV | 0.27 µM | - | 1–15 µM | [157] |
| rGO-PpPD/GCE | AMP | 0.36 µM | - | 5–25 µM 50–200 µM |
[158] |
| Fe3O4/rGO/GC | DPV | 0.08 µM | 38.8 A/M cm2 | 0.4–3.5 µM | [96] |
| CDs–CS/GCE | DPV, CV | 11.2 nM | - | 0.1–30 µM | [97] |
| Au@ CDs–CS/GCE | DPV, CV | 0.001 µM | - | 0.01–100.0 μM | [98] |
| 3D-GF | DPV, CV, AMP | ~2 nM | - | 0.01–10 µM | [159] |
| ERGO/HAD/GCE | DPV | 19 nM | - | 50 nM–400 µM | [160] |
| IL-G/GCE | DPV | 0.812µM | 0.063 µA/µM | 5–275 µM | [161] |
| Au NPs@ PS/RGO/GCE | DPV | 5 nM | 3.44 µA/µM | 0.05–20 µM | [162] |
| Ag NPs/rGO | LSV | 5.4 µM | - | 10–800 µM | [163] |
| GN-PSS-Pt | CA | 40 nM | 302.2 µA/mM cm2 | 0.2 µM–4 mM | [164] |
| GR–SnO2/CILE | DPV | 0.13 µM | - | 0.5–500 µM | [165] |
| SDS–GN/SnO2 | DPV | 80 nM | - | 0.1–10 µM | [166] |
| GO/SiO2–MIPs | CA | 30 nM | - | 50 nM–160 µM | [167] |
| ZnO-sG-Nafion | AMP | 1 µM | - | 10–800 µM | [168] |
| MWCNT/GO/GCE | DPV | 22 nM | 1.53 µA/µM cm2 | 0.2–400 µM | [169] |
| 3D-GN@WO3 NW | AMP | 238 nM | 1.306 mA/mM cm2 | 10–150 µM | [170] |
| Au @Pd–RGO/GCE | DPV | 2 nM | 6.08 µA/µM cm2 | 0.01–100 µM | [171] |
| Fe3O4-NH2@GS/GCE | DPV | 0.126 µM | - | 0.2–38 µM | [172] |
| Pd–RGO | LSV | - | - | 2–63 µM | [173] |
| Pt/RGO/GCE | DPV | 0.25 µM | - | 10–170 µM | [174] |
| GNS/PEI/AuNP | DPV | 0.2 µM | 2.64 µA/µM cm2 | 2–48 µM | [175] |
| sG/GCE | DPV | 2.8 µM | 11.67 nA/µM | 20 µM–0.4 mM | [176] |
| ERGO–FA/GCE | AMP | 0.19 µM | 96.25 µA/µM cm2 | 0.6–1000 µM | [177] |
| Trp–GR | DPV | 0.29 µM | - | 0.5–110 µM | [178] |
| 3D–RGO/GCE | DPV | 0.17 µM | 244.17 mA/mM cm2 | 5 µM–1 mM | [179] |
| GEF/CFE | DPV | 1.36 µM | - | 1.36–125.69 µM | [99] |
| ERGO | AMP, DPV | 0.1 µM | - | 0.1–10 µM | [180] |
| ERGO | SWV | 20 nM | - | 25 nM–5 µM | [181] |
| (f-RGO)/GCE | DPV | 3 µM | - | 5–70 µM 100–600 µM |
[182] |
| NiONP–MWCNT–DHP/GCE | DPV | 50 nM | 1.9 A/M | 0.07–4.8 μM | [100] |
| Pyrolytic carbon | CV, DPV | 2.3 µM | 0.20 µA/µM cm2 | 18–270 µM | [183] |
| Ag NPs/SiO2/GO/GCE | SWV | 0.26 µM | - | 2–80 µM | [101] |
| Au/RGO/GCE | DPV | 1.4 µM | - | 6.8–41 µM | [102] |
| CTAB–GO/MWCNT/GCE | DPV | 1.5 µM | - | 5–500 µM | [62] |
| ERGO | DPV | 0.5 µM | - | 0.5–60 µM | [184] |
| ErGO/CFE | DPV | 0.77 μM | - | 1.5–224.82 μM | [185] |
| Au@PPy/RGOS | DPV | 18.29 pM | 16.4 µA/µM | 0.1–5000 nM | [186] |
| rGO/TiO2 {001}/GCE | DPV | 6 μM | - | 2–60 μM | [187] |
| Fe3O4/rGO/GCE | DPV | 0.12 μM | 2.733 µA/µM | 0.5–100 μM | [188] |
| rGO–CDs/GCE | DPV | 1.5 nM | - | 10 nM–450 μM | [189] |
| Lap/G/GCE | DPV | 0.25 μM | - | 0.5–170 μM | [190] |
| Cu(tpa)–EGR/GCE | DPV | 0.21 μM | - | 1–50 μM | [191] |
| Cr–G/GCE | SWV | - | - | 1–10 μM 10–100 μM |
[192] |
| CNPEs | FSCV | 25 nM | - | 0.1–10 | [105] |
| CNS–Ta | FSCV | 8 nM | 0.002 nA/µM µm2 | 100 nM–100 μM | [106] |
| G–AN | DPV | 0.24 μM | - | 1–100 μM | [107] |
| rGO/Fe3O4/GCE | AMP | 7 nM | 3.15 µA/µM cm2 | 0.01–100.55 μM | [193] |
| GNB/GCE | CV | 0.58 μM | 0.95 µA/µM cm2 | 2 μM–0.2 mM | [108] |
| (PLL/GO/GCE) | DPV | 21 nM | 19.72 µA/µM cm2 | 0.5–35 μM | [109] |
| CS/N, GQDs@SPCE | DPV | 0.145 μM | 418 µA/mM cm2 | 1–100 μM 100–200 μM |
[111] |
| 3D pGO–Au NP–pGO–modified ITO | CV | 1.28 µM | - | 0.1–30 µM | [112] |
| L–His SNGC | SWV | 0.1 µM | - | 50–200 µM | [113] |
| PEDOT: Nafion-SDS PEDOT: Nafion-SDBS |
FSCV | 12 nM 9 nM |
23.7 nA/µM 34 nA/µM |
- | [114] |
| Carbon Nanorod | FSCV | 60 nM | 5 nA/µM | - | [115] |
| MWCNT-modified UNCD | DPV | 9.5 nM | 36 µA/µM cm2 | 33 nM–1 µM | [116] |
| rGO–Co3O4/GCE | AMP | 0.277 µM | 0.389 µA/µM cm2 | 1–30 µM | [69] |
| rCAG | AMP | 30 nM | 66.8 μA/mM cm2 | 0.2–90 µM | [70] |
| f-CNTs/GC | DPV | 5.3 µM | - | 8–45 µM | [2] |
| GCE/PANI–NiO GCE/PANI–ZnO GCE/PANI–Fe3O4 |
CV | 15.3 nM 16.6 nM 17.6 nM |
0.078 µA/µM 0.089 µA/µM 0.058 µA/µM |
2.4–20 µM | [73] |
| PEDOT–LSG | DPV | 0.33 µM | 0.22 µA/µM | 1–150 µM | [117] |
| MnO2 NWs/ERGO/GCE | CV, SDLSV | 1 nM | - | 0.01–0.10 µM 0.10–1.0 µM 1.0 µM–80 µM |
[118] |
MWCNT-IE—MWCNT-intercalated graphite electrodes; DHP—Dihexadecylphosphate; GCE—Glassy carbon electrode; CNF—Carbon nanofibers; MGNFs—Multilayer graphene nanoflake films; g-silica NW—Grafted silica network; AgHCF—Silver hexacyanoferrate; CDP—Polycyclodextrin; GS—Graphene sheet; FGGE—Functionalized-graphene modified graphite electrode; LDH—Layered double hydroxide; GONR—Graphene oxide nanoribbon;4-ABSA—4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid; La—Lanthanum; PTCA—3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid; NG—Nitrogen doped graphene; SPGNE—Screen-printed graphene electrode; GNSs—Graphene nano-sheets; Fc-NH2—1-[(4-amino) phenylethynyl] ferrocene; TCPP—Meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine; CCG—Chemically converted graphene; rGOS—Reduced graphene oxide sheets; CSHMs—Chitosan/silica sol–gel hybrid membranes; HRP—Horseradish peroxidase; CuZEA—Cu-zeolite A; HAu-G—Hollow gold-graphene; PpPD—Poly(p-phenylenediamine); 3D-GF—3D graphene foam; HAD—1,6-hexanediamine; PS—Polystyrene; GN-PSS—Graphene- Poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate); CILE—Carbon ionic liquid electrode; MIPs—Molecularly imprinted polymers; sG—Solar graphene; 3D-GN—Three-dimensional graphene network; WO3—Tungsten trioxide; NW—Nanowire; FA—ferulic acid; Trp-GR—Tryptophan-functionalized graphene nanocomposite; f-RGO—Flower-like graphene-nanosheet clusters; Lap—Laponite; Cu(tpa)—Copper terephthalate metal-organic framework.