Table 2.
Polymer-based EC sensor for DA sensing.
| Material | EC Method | LOD | Sensitivity | Linear Range | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPy (DS)/GCE | CV, CA | 40 nM | - | 0.1–10 µM | [201] |
| poly (2-picolinic acid)/GCE | CV | 30 nM | - | 0.25–10 mol/dm3 | [203] |
| (PNAANI)/GCE | DPV | 16.8 nM | - | 0.5–20 µM | [204] |
| TPY-modified PFE/GC and graphite/polyester composite electrodes | DPV | 0.2 µM | 62 nA/µM | 1–250 µM | [205] |
| OPPD-CFME | SWV | 10 nM | 2.6 nA/µM | 50 nM–10 µM | [206] |
| P3MT/γ-CD in tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate/acetonitrile solution | SWV | 0.2 µM | - | 0.5–50 µM | [228] |
| PPy/FCNMCPE | LSV DPV |
38.6 µM 15.1 µM |
- | 0.10–1.20 mM 0.20–0.95 mM |
[208] |
| Nafion/Cu-MPS/GCE | SWV | 0.05 µM | - | 0.08–5 µM | [209] |
| Nafion/SWNTs/P3MT | DPV | 5 nM | - | 0.020–0.10 µM 0.10–1.0 µM 1.0–6.0 µM |
[229] |
| PEDOT/GCE | SWV | - | - | 0.1–0.5 mM | [194] |
| F3GA/PDAN/GCE | LSV | 0.1 µM | 0.036 µA/µM | 5–100 µM | [212] |
| tyrosinase–SWNTs–PPy | AMP | 5 µM | 467 mA/Mcm2 | 5–850 µM | [230] |
| Nano-Cu/PPy/GCE | DPV | 0.85 nM | - | 1 nM–0.1 µM | [231] |
| Pt/P3MT/Pd | DPV | 8 nM | 1.44 µA/µM | 0.05–1 µM | [232] |
| TS-PANI/GCE | AMP | 0.7 µM | 28.36 µA/mM | 0.01–0.3 mM | [233] |
| LbL deposited PANI–AuNP | DPV | 3 µM | 10.1 µA/mM | 7–148 µM | [216] |
| EDTA-RG/Nafion/GCE | DPV | 0.01 µM | - | 0.2–25 µM | [234] |
| PNMPy/PS | CV | 1.5 µM | - | 10–20 mM | [235] |
| GSCR-MIPs/GCE | CA | 0.1 µM | - | 0.1 µM–0.8 mM | [236] |
| PPy/ERGO | DPV | 23 nM | - | 0.1–150 µM | [237] |
| PMR/CPE | CV | 5 nM | - | 10 nM–0.1 µM 0.1 µM–1 mM |
[238] |
| PEDOT/Pt electrode in presence of SDS | CV | 61 nM 86 nM |
- | 0.5–25 µM 30–100 µM |
[239] |
| Lac/PPy/MWCNT/Pt | DPV | 0.14 µM | - | 0.5–4.75 µM | [240] |
| MIPs/MWCNTs/GCE | DPV | 60 nM | - | 0.63–100 µM | [241] |
| OPPy–MSA–MWCNTs/Au electrode | DPV | 0.4 nM | 7.61 µA/µM | 1 nM–2.87 µM | [242] |
| PVP/GR/GCE | AMP | 0.2 nM | - | 0.5 nM–1.13 mM | [243] |
| Aptamer/GR–PANI/GCE | SWV | 1.98 pM | - | 0.007–90 nM | [244] |
| AuNPs @PANI | DPV | 5 µM | - | 10–1700 µM | [215] |
| PEDOT-Aunano/Au in presence of SDS | LSV | 0.39 nM 1.55 nM |
0.0381 µA/µM | 0.5–20 µM 25–140 µM |
[218] |
| Pty/GCE | LSSV | 142 nM | - | 1–7 µM | [245] |
| RGO-HDPPy/GCE | DPV | 0.3 nM | - | 1–8000 nM | [246] |
| PAPT/GCE | DPV | 0.2 µM | - | 0.95–380 µM | [247] |
| (Gr/CS)5/GCE | DPV | 0.05 µM | - | 0.1–140 µM | [248] |
| (MPEG)/GCE | DPV | 46.8 nM | 198.4 µA/mM | 1–140 µM | [249] |
| polyDAN-RB4/GCE | DPV | 0.061 µM | - | 0.1–150 µM | [219] |
| PEDOT/CNT/CPE | DPV | 20 nM | - | 0.1–20 µM | [220] |
| P-4-ABA/GCE | DPV | 1 µM | - | 5–100 µM | [250] |
| Nafion-CNT- ABTS/ITO | DPV | 1.75 µM | 1.334 µA/µM | 1.87–20 µM | [251] |
| GO-PEDOT/GCE | CV | 83 nM | 0.151 µA/µM | 1–40 µM | [252] |
| PEDOT/RGO/GCE | AMP | 39 nM | - | 0.1–175 µM | [253] |
| GR–CS/CPE | DPV | 98.2 nM | - | 0.1 mM–0.2µM | [254] |
| ERGO-P/GCE | DPV | 35 nM | - | 1–500 µM | [255] |
| PEDOT: PSS/ITO | AMP | 1 µM | 196 mA/M cm2 | 0.01–0.9 µM | [223] |
| PPy/CNTs-MIPs/GCE | DPV | 10 pM | 16.18 μA/μM | 50 pM–5 μM | [256] |
| PPyox-PTSA/Ag-NP/Pt | DPV | 0.58 nM | - | 1–120 nM | [257] |
| (PoPD)/ERGO/GCE | DPV | 7.5 µM | - | 10–400 µM 400–800 µM |
[258] |
| AuNP/PANI | AMP | 0.91 µM | 0.09284 μA/μM | 1 µM–0.1 mM | [259] |
| MBIP | DPV | 6 nM | - | 0.02–7 μM | [260] |
| PPy/graphene/nMEA | AMP | 4 nM | 13933.12 μA/mM cm2 | 0.8–10 μM | [261] |
| PEDOT/rGO/aptamer | DPV | 78 fM | - | 1 pM–160 nM | [262] |
| GO/AuNPs/pDAN-EDTA | AMP | 5 nM | - | 10 nM–1 µM | [224] |
| PILs/PPy/GO | DPV | 73.3 nM | 2.499 μA/μM | 4–18 µM | [263] |
| (Pt/UltraPPy–GCE) | DPV | 0.67 nM | - | 0.01–400 µM | [264] |
| Au NPs/OPPy nanotube arrays electrode | SWV | 10 nM | - | 25 nM–2.5 µM | [265] |
| Au/PEDOT–Pt–Ag/AgCl | DPV | 0.1 µM | 1.65 μA/μM cm2 | 0.2– 300 µM | [266] |
| PEDOT/DNA/CPE | AMP | 74 nM | - | 0.25–66.5 µM | [267] |
| PEDOT/IL/GCE | AMP | 51 nM | - | 0.2–312 µM | [268] |
| AuNPs-PTAP/GCE | DPV | 0.017 µM | 8.170 μA/μM | 0.15–1.5 µM | [269] |
| PEDOT/DES/GC | DPV | 1.3 µM | 1.5 mA/mM cm2 | 5–180 µM | [270] |
| ET-SDBS-NPPy/ERGO | SWV | 20 nM | 13.07 μA/μM | 0.1–100 µM | [271] |
| POA/CNTs/GCE | DPV | 0.12 µM | 8.71 μA/μM | 10.0–260.0 µM | [272] |
| MIP/PPy NWs/GCE | DPV | 33 nM | - | 50 nM–100 µM | [273] |
| PEDOT: PSS/ITO | DPV | 6.84 µM | 826 nA/μM cm2 | 1–50 µM | [274] |
| GR/pAHWSA/SPCE | SWV | 2 nM | - | 0.05–100 µM | [226] |
| PEDOT/GO/CFE | CV | 0.22 µM | - | 0.5–10 µM | [225] |
| PTh/GPE | LSV | 1 µM | - | 10–180 µM | [275] |
| PPy/graphene/GCE | CV | 2.3 µM | 363 μA/mM cm2 | 0.1–1 mM | [276] |
| pHQ/AuNPs/NF | DPV | 41.9 nM | 6.663 μA/μM | 0.1–10 µM | [277] |
GCFME—Glassy carbon fibre microelectrodes; PNAANI—Poly(N-acetylaniline); TPY—2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium ion stabilized inside zeolite matrix; P3MT/γ-CD—Poly-3-methylthiophene combined with γ -cyclodextrin; P3MT—Poly-3-methylthiophene; TS-PANI—Tetragonal star like Polyaniline; LbL—Layer-by-layer; EDTA—Ethylenediamine triacetic acid; PNMPy—Poly(N-methylpyrrole); PS—Polystyrene; SCR—Graphene sheets/Congo red; PMR—Poly (methyl red); Lac—Laccase; MSA—Mercaptosuccinic acid; PVP—Polyvinylpyrrolidone; Pty—Polytyramine; HDPPy—Highly dispersed polypyrrole nanospheres; PAPT—Poly(2-amino-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole); MPEG—ethoxypolyethylene glycol; polyDAN-RB4—Reactive blue-4 (RB4) dye entrapped poly1,5-diaminonaphthalne (polyDAN); P-4-ABA—Poly (4-aminobutyric acid); ABTS—An 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); PPyox-PTSA—P-toluene sulfonic acid-doped ultrathin polypyrrole; PoPD—o-phenylenediamine; MBIP—Molecularly bioimprinted polymer; nMEA—Neural microelectrode array; pDAN-EDTA—Ethylenediamine triacetic acid immobilized-poly (1,5-diaminonaphthalne); PILs—Poly (ionic liquids); PTAP—Poly (2,4,6- triaminopyrmidine); DES—Deep eutectic solvents; ET-SDBS-NPPy—Electrochemically treated sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate doped nano polypyrrole; POA—Poly(o-anisidine); pAHWSA—Poly 4-amino-3-hydroxy- 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid; PTh—Polythiophene; pHQ—Poly(hydroquinone); NF—Nickel foam.