Table 3.
DA optical sensors.
| Type of Sensor | Determination Method | LOD | Linear Range | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luminol–H2O2–Au NPs | CL | 0.19 nM | 0.001–5 µM | [333] |
| MPA-modified CdTe QDs | ECL | 50 nM | 0.05–5 µM | [334] |
| DA–RC | SPR | 0.085 ng/mL | 0.085–700 ng/mL | [332] |
| CdSe QDs | ECL | 500 nM | 0.5–70 µM | [335] |
| CdSe–ZnS QDs-GSH/ATTO−590 | Fluorescence | 1 µM | - | [336] |
| Potassium Ferricyanide-Fe (III) | Spectrophotometry | 0.045 µg/mL | 0.05–6.00 µg/mL | [337] |
| Luminol–H2O2–ZnO NPs | CL | 5 nM | 0.005–6.5 µM | [338] |
| AuNPs–Cu2+ | Spectrophotometry | 30 nM | 33 nM–0.1 µM 0.3–4.5 µM |
[339] |
| Ag NPs | Spectrophotometry | 1.2 µM | 3.2–20 µM | [340] |
| PVP/Ag NPs | Spectrophotometry | 0.8 µM | 3.2–20 µM | [278] |
| CdTe QDs/CNTs/CS/ITO | ECL | 24 pM | 50 pM–10 nM | [314] |
| CdSe/ZnS QDs/GCE | ECL | 50 nM | 0.1–20 µM | [341] |
| Au NCs/ITO | ECL | - | 2.5–47.5 µM | [342] |
| GO | Fluorescence | 94 nM | 0.25–20 µM | [343] |
| Au NPs-BDA | Colorimetry | 0.36 µM | 0.54–5.4 µM | [344] |
| DA–MBA–DSP–AuNPs | Spectrophotometry | 0.5 nM | 5–180 nM | [345] |
| Ag NPs | Spectrophotometry | 60 nM | 0–0.6 µM | [346] |
| DNA mediated Ag nanostructure | Fluorescence | 6 nM | 0–200 nM | [347] |
| β–CD/MSN | Fluorescence | 50 nM | 50 nM–20 µM | [348] |
| MIP–Au electrode | SPR | 1 pM | - | [291] |
| Au NPs | SERS | 1 ng/mL | 1 nM–1 mM | [307] |
| AgNPs-Fe (NTA) | SERS | 60 pM | 0.5–4 nM | [349] |
| ZnSa NWs–Ag NPs | Fluorescence | 3 nM | 0–300 nM | [350] |
| CdS spherical aggregates | PL | 10 nM | 0–30 µM | [7] |
| CDs@MIP | Fluorescence | 1.7 nM | 25–500 nM | [351] |
| CdS QDs/ITO | ECL | - | 1 μM–10 mM | [352] |
| Ag2Se QDs/PEI/MWCNTs/GCE | ECL | 100 nM | 0.5–19 µM | [353] |
| RGO–Nafion/Ru NWs/GCE | ECL | 0.31 pM | 1 pM–10 µM | [354] |
| CdS-PAMAM/Au NPs | ECL | 12 nM | 0.05–10 µM | [355] |
| AuNPs–Cu2+ | Colorimetry | 0.2 µM | 0.5–10 µM | [303] |
| DSP–AuNPs + Fe3+ | Colorimetry | 2 nM | 5–600 nM | [356] |
| DMAP–AuNP | Colorimetry | 5 nM | 10–100 nM | [357] |
| Tb3+/AgNPs | Fluorescence | 0.42 nM | 2.4–140 nM | [358] |
| Fe3[Fe (CN)6]2 | RRS | 3.43 ng/mL | 0.06–1 µg/mL | [359] |
| Formaldehyde–KMnO4 | CL | 10 nM | 0.031–17 µM | [48] |
| Calcein blue–Fe2+ | Fluorescence | 10 μM | 50 μM–1 mM | [360] |
| BCG/Sephadex LH-20 gel | SPS | 1.7 µM | 0.4–1.6 µg/mL | [361] |
| TGA-capped CdTe QD –Lac | PL | 0.16 µM | 0.3–100 µM | [362] |
| BSA-Au NCs | Fluorescence Colorimetry | 10 nM | 10 nM–1 µM | [363] |
| Ag NCs @APTES–GD/ITO | ECL | 0.92 nM | 8.3 nM–0.83 µM | [364] |
| Nafion/TiO2/GCE | ECL | 10 pM | 10 pM–0.6 µM | [316] |
| CNTs/DSP–QDs/GCE | ECL | 26 pM | 50 pM–10 nM | [365] |
| F-CuInS2 QDs | Fluorescence | 0.2 µM | 0.5–40 µM | [366] |
| CdTe QDs @silica | Fluorescence | 0.241 µM | 0.5 µM–0.1 mM | [367] |
| CNPs/Fe3+ | Fluorescence | 68 nM | 0.1–10 µM | [368] |
| AuNPs–AHMT | Colorimetry | 70 nM | 0.20–1.10 µM | [369] |
| DTSSP–AuNPs | Colorimetry | 10 nM | 0.02–0.80 µM | [306] |
| AuNRs–Ag+ | Colorimetry | 47 nM | 0.20–12 µM | [370] |
| CS-Au nanoshell | SERS | - | 1–10 mM | [308] |
| Ag NPs-PMA | Spectrophotometry | 0.527 µM | 0.527–15.8 µM | [371] |
| Zr [Fe (CN)6] NPs | RRS | 0.392 ng/mL | 0.03–1.3 mg/mL | [372] |
| Au NP–RGO–K2S2O8 | ECL | 6.2 nM | 0.02–40 µM | [373] |
| APTES-capped ZnO QDs | Fluorescence | 12 nM | 0.05–10 µM | [374] |
| MA/AuNPs | Colorimetry | 30 nM | 0.3 µM–10 mM | [302] |
| MA/AuNPs | Colorimetry | 33 nM | 33 nM–3.33 mM | [375] |
| Carbon dots (CDs) | Fluorescence | 33 µM | 33–1250 µM | [376] |
| CdSe/ZnS QDs/A | Fluorescence | 29.3 nM | 100 nM–20 µM | [53] |
| AgQL | Fluorescence | 16 nM | 0–300 nM | [377] |
| PDA NPs | Fluorescence | 40 nM | 0.1–20 µM | [378] |
| CdSe QDs– ABA/GCE | ECL | 3 nM | 10 nM–3 µM | [379] |
| rGO/MWCNTs/AuNPs/GCE | ECL | 67 nM | 0.20–70 µM | [380] |
| Ru(bpy) 3+2/ordered mesoporous carbon/Nafion/GCE | ECL | 1.7 nM | 5 nM–500 µM | [381] |
| CS-Au nanocomposite | SERS | 1 mM | 1–10 mM | [309] |
| (GT)15 DNA–and (GU)15 RNA-wrapped SWCNTs | Fluorescence | 11 nM | 10 nM–10 µM | [280] |
| Porous Ag paper electrode and silica CDs | ECL | 4.3 mU/mL | 0.01–50 U/mL | [382] |
| (AuNF@g–C3N4–PANI) | ECL | 1.7 nM | 5 nM–1.6 µM | [383] |
| (BQ) + CdS QDs | PEC | 8 nM 0.1 nM |
20 nM–50 μM 2 nM–10 μM |
[384] |
| J–Aggregate Nanotubes | Spectrophotometry | 0.4 nM | 0–100 nM | [385] |
| Ce (IV)-Na2S2O3-C-dot | CL | 1 nM | 2.5 nM–20 μM | [386] |
| (CDs/TYR) | Fluorescence | 60 nM | 0.206–131.8 µM | [387] |
| BSA–AuNC–Cu2+ | Fluorescence | 0.01 µM | 0–3.5 µM | [388] |
| DA antibodies/Au NPs/ITO | SPR | 1 nM | 0.001–100 µM | [294] |
| GQDs | Fluorescence | 0.008 µM | 0–60 µM | [389] |
| TGA–CdS QDs | Fluorescence | 2.55 nM | 0.394 µM–46.7 nM | [390] |
| L–Cys–capped InP/ZnS QDs | Fluorescence | 875 pM | 800 pM–100 nM | [391] |
| PPy/GQDs | Fluorescence | 10 pM | 5–8000 nM | [392] |
| ds–DNA templated Cu NPs | Fluorescence | 20 pM | 0.0001–10 µM | [393] |
| rGO/Ag Nanotriangle | SERS Fluorescence Absorption |
1.2 µM 25 µM 12 µM |
2.5–500 µM 50–500 µM 25–500 µM |
[394] |
| Si NPs | Fluorescence | 0.3 nM | 0.005–10 µM | [395] |
| (GQDs –TiO2) nanocomposites/GCE | PEC | 6.7 nM | 0.02–105 µM | [396] |
| HCNTs–PAH–CdSe QDs | ECL | 0.2 nM | 1 nM–20 µM | [397] |
| g–C3N4 NSs–TCA | ECL | 2.4 pM | 6 pM–30 nM | [315] |
| GCE/PTh–D@NH2-G(graphene)/Nafion | ECL | 0.04 μM | 0.1–50.0 μM | [398] |
| GCE/AuNPs/L–Cys–C60–APBA | ECL | 0.003 µM | 0.01 µM–40 µM | [399] |
| luminol–H2O2–HKUST-1 | CL | 2.3 nM | 0.1–0.70 µM | [400] |
| CdSeTe/ZnS core–shell QD-CS films/GCE | ECL | 100 nM | 3.75–450 µM | [401] |
| TiO2/Pt electrode | ECL | 2.7 pM | 4 pM–18 nM | [317] |
| MA/AuNPs | Colorimetry | 33 nM | 33 nM–3.33 mM | [302] |
| FB-AuNPs/NsNHS-AuNPs | Absorption Fluorescence | 1.2 nM 2.9 nM |
5–100 nM | [54] |
| DA capped Au NPs modified with (TGA2−) | Colorimetry | 94 nM (serum) |
0–1 µM | [402] |
| Au NPs | PRRS | 0.1 pM | 1 pM–1 µM | [403] |
| CuS–rGO | Spectrophotometry | 0.48 µM | 2–100 µM | [404] |
| Au @ Ag NR dimers based on aptamers | SERS | 0.006 pM | 0.01–10 pM | [405] |
| Ag NPs/MIL–101 (Fe) | SERS | 0.32 pM | 1.054 pM–210.8 nM | [406] |
| (GSH) protected (Au NCs) | Fluorescence | 1 nM | 1 nM–1 mM | [407] |
| NH2-β-CD-Au NCs | Fluorescence | 2 nM | 5–1000 nM | [408] |
| PFPBA NPs | Fluorescence | 38.8 nM | 0.025–10 µM | [409] |
| Ag | SERS | 8.3 nM | 0.1–50 µM | [410] |
| Ag@GO | SPR | 30 nM | 100 nM–2 µM | [411] |
| GQDs | Fluorescence | 8.2 nM | 0.01–50 µM | [412] |
| GQDs | Fluorescence | 0.09 µM | 0.25–50 µM | [413] |
| Aptamer + AuNPs | ColorimetryFluorescence | 0.14 μM 78.7 nM |
0.17–4.0 μM 0.083–2.0 μM |
[304] |
| B-N-CDs | Fluorescence | 0.1 pM | 1 pM–1 μM | [313] |
| Aptamer + Ru complex-QDs | Fluorescence | 19 nM | 0.03–0.21 μM | [414] |
| CdSe/ZnS QDs | Fluorescence | 100 nM | - | [415] |
| Ag NPs | SPR | 0.2 µM | 0.2–30 µM | [416] |
| Ag NPRs | Colorimetry | 0.16 nM | 0.5–100 nM | [417] |
| aptamer–CDs–NG | Fluorescence | 0.055 nM | 0.10–5.00 nM | [418] |
| TiNTs–ITO and PB-Pt | ECL | 30 nM | 0.1–5 μM | [419] |
| Ag NPs | Colorimetry | 6.13 μM | 1–500 µM | [305] |
| β-CD–Au NPs | Colorimetry | 30 nM | 20–250 nM 350–1600 nM |
[420] |
| PIMH iron (III) into PBVC NF | Spectrophotometry | 6.4 mg/L | 0.148–184 mg/L | [421] |
| Poly (DA)@GQDs | Fluorescence | 80 nM | 1–200 µM | [422] |
| GQDs | Fluorescence | 0.022 µM | 1–200 µM | [423] |
| CNDs | Fluorescence | 47 pM | 0–20 µM | [424] |
| NanoMoS2/Gold Electrode | PEC | 2.3 pM | 10 pM–10 µM | [425] |
| Ag@ Au core-shell | Colorimetry | 5 µg/mL | 1–30 µg/mL | [426] |
| Pt | SPR | 50 pM | 0.1 nM–32 µM | [427] |
| DAAPT-AuNPs | SPR | 200 fM | 100 µM–2 mM 200 fM–20 nM |
[31] |
| Molecular Imprinted GNP/SnO2 | SPR | 31 nM | 0–100 µM | [428] |
| MoS2 QDNS | Fluorescence | 0.9 nM | 2.5 nM–5 µM 5 µM–10.4 µM |
[429] |
| S-CDs@AuNPs | Colorimetry | 0.23 µM | 0.81–16.80 µM | [430] |
| Au/graphene/DBA D-POF | SPR | - | 0.1 nM–1 µM | [431] |
MPA—Mercapopropionic acid; ECL—Electrochemiluminescence; GSH—Glutathione; PVP—Polyvinylpyrrolidone; DSP—3,3′-Dithiodipropionic acid di (N-hydroxysuccinimide ester); β-CD—β -cyclodextrin; MSN—Mesoporous silica Nanoparticles; Fe (NTA) —Iron-nitrilotriacetic acid; ZnSa—Zinc–salophen; PAMAM—Polyamidoamine; DMAP—4-(dimethylamino) pyridine; BCG—Bromocresol green; TGA—Thioglycolic acid; BSA—Bovine serum albumin; APTES—3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane; F-CuInS2—3-aminophenyl boronic acid-functionalized CuInS2; AHMT—4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol; DTSSP—Dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate); AuNRs–Ag+—Au core–Ag shell nanorods; PMA—Polymethacrylate; Zr[Fe(CN)6]—Zirconium hexacyanoferrate (II); AgQL—Semiquinone form after oxidization of L in the presence of Ag(I); PDA—Polydopamine; ABA—p-Aminobenzoic acid; AuNF@g-C3N4–PANI—Gold nanoflower @graphitic carbon nitride polymer nanosheet–polyaniline hybrids; BQ—Benzoquinone; CDs/TYR—Carbon dots/tyrosinase; HCNTsPAH-CdSe QDs—Helical CNTs, polyallylamine hydrochloride and CdSe QDs; g-C3N4 NSs–PTCA—Graphite-like carbon nitride nanosheets/3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid hybrids; PTh-D—Poly[3-(1,1′-dimethyl-4-piperidinemethylene) thiophene-2,5-diyl chloride]; APBA—3-aminophenyl-boronic acid; HKUST-1—(Hong Kong University of Science and echnology): MOF; copper nodes with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid struts between them; FB-Au NPs—Fluorescein modified gold nanoparticles; NsNHS-AuNPs—Nile blue modified gold nanoparticles; PRRS—Plasmonic resonance Rayleigh scattering; MIL-101 (Fe) —A typical metal organic framework; Ag NPRs—Silver nanoprisms; TiNTs—Titania nanotubes; PB—Platinum black; PIMH—Tris-(2,2′-pyridylimidazole); PBVC—Poly (vinylbenzyl chloride);CNDs—Carbon nanodots; S-CDs—S-doped carbon dots.