. 2020 Mar 4;10(1):4–11. doi: 10.1089/caff.2019.0020

Table 4.

Multivariable Regression Analyses Evaluating Caffeine Use Disorder Criteria as Correlates of Caffeine-Related Distress, Health and Substance Use Variables, Controlling for Demographic Variables

Variable	CUD present as correlate						Number of CUD criteria as correlate
	B	SE	β	OR	95% CI		B	SE	β	OR	95% CI
	B	SE	β	OR	Lower	Upper	B	SE	β	OR	Lower	Upper
Caffeine-related distress/impairment
Overall caffeine-related distress (0–10 scale)	2.92	0.24	0.35^a		2.45	3.40	0.56	0.03	0.58^a		0.51	0.62
Feeling bad or guilty about caffeine use	2.53	0.27		12.58^a	7.46	21.22	0.54	0.05		1.71^a	1.57	1.87
Impairment due to psychological problem	2.46	0.26		11.65^a	7.02	19.32	0.54	0.05		1.71^a	1.55	1.88
Impairment due to physical problem	2.73	0.27		15.31^a	9.10	25.77	0.50	0.04		1.64^a	1.51	1.79
Impairment due to caffeine withdrawal	3.57	0.44		35.49^a	15.00	83.98	0.63	0.05		1.88^a	1.72	2.06
Sleep problems (0–24 scale)	5.17	0.55	0.28^a		4.09	6.25	0.95	0.07	0.45^a		0.82	1.08
DASS-21
Depression (0–21 scale)	3.94	0.57	0.21^a		2.83	5.06	0.86	0.07	0.40^a		0.73	0.99
Anxiety (0–21 scale)	4.69	0.45	0.30^a		3.80	5.58	0.94	0.05	0.52^a		0.84	1.04
Stress (0–21 scale)	4.56	0.50	0.26^a		3.58	5.53	0.92	0.06	0.46^a		0.80	1.03
Other substance-related variables
AUDIT-C (0–12 scale)	0.38	0.29	0.04		−0.19	0.96	0.12	0.04	0.11^a		0.05	0.19
Past 30-day substance use
Cocaine	1.56	0.59		4.76^a	1.50	15.08	0.28	0.09		1.32^a	1.10	1.58
Heroin	2.26	1.06		9.58^a	1.20	76.39	0.33	0.17		1.39	1.00	1.93
Inhalants	3.30	1.62		27.23^a	1.14	651.27	0.54	0.26		1.71^a	1.02	2.87
Amphetamines	0.69	0.60		1.99	0.61	6.42	0.26	0.08		1.30^a	1.10	1.53
Methamphetamines	0.49	0.83		1.62	0.32	8.22	0.30	0.11		1.35^a	1.09	1.68
Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants	0.91	0.49		2.48	0.96	6.45	0.19	0.07		1.20^a	1.04	1.39
Nonmedical use of prescription opioids	0.39	0.46		1.48	0.60	3.67	0.26	0.06		1.29^a	1.16	1.44
Nonmedical use of prescription tranquilizers	0.47	0.44		1.60	0.68	3.78	0.20	0.06		1.22^a	1.09	1.36
Nonmedical use of prescription sedatives	0.91	0.53		2.49	0.88	7.01	0.32	0.07		1.37^a	1.19	1.59
Ever treated for substance use	0.62	0.36		1.86	0.91	3.80	0.18	0.05		1.20^a	1.09	1.32

Note. Each variable row indicates an individual regression analysis which controlled for age, sex, minority status, and current combustible tobacco use. Left columns describe regression analyses where dichotomous CUD status (all three key criteria present vs. absent) was a correlate, whereas right columns describe regression analyses where the number of CUD criteria met (0–11 criteria) was a correlate. Scale is specified for variables evaluated with linear regression, otherwise variables were dichotomized (present vs. absent) and analyzed using logistic regression where absent is the reference category. Past 30-day substance use for alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, and ecstasy are not included in the table as they were not significant.

AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise; CUD, caffeine use disorder; DASS, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale.

^{^a}

Indicates p < 0.05 statistical significance.