Figure A2.

Exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) from shiitake mushrooms, but not other mushrooms, inhibited nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat related (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activity. Effects of ELNs from 6 mushrooms on interleukin (IL)-1β secretion (A) and Caspase 1 (Casp1) autocleavage (B) when the NLRP3 inflammasome was activated. Primary macrophages were pre-incubated with ELNs from 6 mushrooms, including white beech, brown beech, king oyster, white button, Swiss brown, and shiitake, for 16 h. Afterward, cells were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and free fatty acid (FFA) to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Tubulin is a loading control in the immunoblot analysis. Cells treated with LPS alone served as a negative control for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 relative to cells treated with LPS+FFA (black bar).