Table 1.
List of microorganisms isolated from kefir grains, their chemical end products, and odour descriptors as typical in fermented dairy products.
| Microorganisms (Kefir Type) | Produced Metabolites | Odor and FlavorDescription | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens (Tibetan kefir) Lactobacillus acidophilus Z1L (Turkish homemade kefir) Lactobacillus brevis Lactobacillus helveticus Z5L Lactobacillus casei Z7L1 (Turkish homemade kefir) Lactobacillus harbinensis (Water kefir) Leuconostoc mesenteroides Lactococcus cremoris Lactococcus lactis Streptococcus durans Pediococcus dextrinicus ZN1P Pediococcus acidilactici ZN10P Pediococcus pentosaceus ZN13P (Candida kefir) Candida guilliermondii Saccharomyces Jorentinus (Sugar kefir) |
Lactic acid | Sour flavor | [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48] |
|
Lactobacillus harbinensis (Water kefir) Leuconostoc mesenteroides Acetobacter pasteurianus Lactococcus cremoris |
Acetic acid | Vinegar, green, fruity, sour | [43] |
|
Lactobacillus kefiri Lactobacillus harbinensis Lactobacillus hilgardii (Water kefir) Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Candida kefir) Saccharomyces turicensis Saccharomyces florentinus Kluyveromyces marxianus |
Ethanol | Alcoholic flavor | [35,43,44,45,48,49,50,51,52] |
|
LactobacillusBrevis Lactobacillus kefiri Leuconostocmesenteroides (Candida kefir) Saccharomycesturicensis Saccharomycescerevisae Pichia Kurdriavzevii |
CO2 | Sharp odor and a sour taste | [45,51,52,53] |
| Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens | Octanoic acid | Cheesy, rancid, pungent, sweet, soapy, goaty | [54] |
|
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens (Tibetan kefir) Lactobacillus kefiri (Brazilian kefir) |
Kefiran | - | [41] |
| Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens | n-Decanoic acid | Soapy, waxy, stale, buttery, fruity, grassy, cheesy, milky | [54] |
| Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens | Ethyl decanoate | Fruity, grape, cognac | [54] |
| Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens | Ethyl hexanoate | Animal, cardboard | [54] |
|
Lactobacillus nagelii, Lactobacillus hilgardii & Lactobacillus hordei (Water kefir) Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 (Tibet Kefir) Lactobacillus acidophilus Z1L (Turkish homemade kefir) Lactobacillus helveticus Z5L Lactobacillus casei Z7Ll Lactococcus cremoris Z11S & Lactococcus lactis Z3S (Turkish homemade kefirs) Pediococcus dextrinicus ZN1P Pediococcus acidilactici ZN10P Pediococcus pentosaceus ZN13P Kazachstania unispora |
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) | [18,42,55,56] | |
| Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens DN1 | New exopolysaccharide (EPS), EPS_DN1 | - | [57] |
|
Lactobacillus acidophilus Z1L & Lactococcuscremoris Z11S (Turkish homemade kefir) Pediococcus dextrinicus ZN1P Pediococcus acidilactici ZN10P Pediococcus pentosaceus ZN13P Candida guilliermondii Streptococcus thermophiles |
H2O2 | - | [42,46,47] |
|
Lactobacillus hilgardii Saccharomyces florentinus (Sugar kefir) |
Pyruvate | - | [48,50] |
|
Lactobacillus hilgardii Saccharomyces florentinus (Sugar kefir) |
Propionate | - | [48,50] |
|
Lactobacillus hilgardii Saccharomyces florentinus (Sugar kefir) |
Acetate | - | [48,50] |
|
Lactobacillus hilgardii Saccharomyces florentinus (Sugar kefir) |
Succinate | - | [48,50] |
|
Lactobacillus hilgardii Saccharomyces florentinus (Sugar kefir) |
Fumarate | - | [48,50] |
| Lactobacillus hilgardii (Sugar kefir) | Mannitol | - | [48,50] |
| Leuconostoc mesenteroides | 2,3-Butanedione | Buttery flavors | [43,46,47] |
|
Lactococcus cremoris Streptococcus thermophilus Streptococcus durans
Candida guilliermondii |
Acetaldehyde | Fruity, alcoholic, wine | [47] |
| Candida guilliermondii | Diacetyl | Creamy odor | [18,35,41,50] |
| Saccharomycescerevisae (Brazilian kefir, water kefir, and Tibetan kefir grains) | Glycerol | - | [18,35,41,50] |
| Saccharomyces cerevisae | Nonanal | Green, citrus, fatty, floral | [54] |
| Saccharomyces cerevisae | Phenylethyl alcohol | Unclean, rose, violet-like, honey, floral, spicy | [54] |
| Saccharomyces cerevisae | Octanal | Green, fatty, soapy, fruity, orange peel | [54] |
| Saccharomyces cerevisae | Ethyl acetate | Solvent, pineapple, fruity, apples | [54] |
| Saccharomyces cerevisae | 3-Methyl-butanol | Penetrating, alcohol, wine-like, plastic | [54] |
(-) Represents unreported.