Table 1.

Effect of lifestyle interventions during pregnancy on the risk of gestational diabetes (GDM), on gestational weight gain (GWG) and the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes according to meta-analyses. RDS: respiratory distress syndrome. ND: not determined.

		Risk for GDM RR or OR [95% CI]	p	GWG Mean [SD]	p	Adverse Neonatal Outcomes
Diet, exercise or both	N
Song 2016 [10]	11,487	0.82 [0.70, 0.95]	0.033	ND		ND
Guo 2019 [12]	15,745	0.77 [0.69, 0.87]	<10−4	ND		ND
Diet + exercise	N
Song 2016 [10]	6047	0.85 [0.70, 1.03]	0.09	ND		ND
Shepherd 2017 [11]	8918	0.85 [0.71, 1.01]	0.07	−0.89 [−1.39, −0.40]	<10−3	Macrosomia: 0.63 [0.42, 0.94] Preterm birth: 0.80 [0.65, 0.98] RDS: 0.56 [0.33, 0.97]
Guo 2019 [12]	7024	0.86 [0.71, 1.04]	ND	ND		ND
Diet	N
Song 2016 [10]	1279	0.80 [0.58, 1.10]	0.17	ND		ND
Tieu 2017 [13]	1279	0.60 [0.35, 1.04]	0.07	−4.70 [−8.07, −1.34]	0.01	None
Guo 2019 [12]	2838	0.75 [0.60, 0.95]	ND	ND		ND
Exercise	N
Sanabrina-Martinez 2015 [14]	2873	0.69 [0.52, 0.91]	0.009	−1.14 [−1.50, −0.78]	<10−3	ND
Russo 2015 [15]	3401	0.72 [0.58, 0.91]	0.005	ND		ND
Song 2016 [10]	4161	0.77 [0.54, 1.09]	0.15	ND		ND
Davenport 2018 [17]	6934	0.62 [0.52, 0.75]	ND	ND		ND
Guo 2019 [12]	5883	0.70 [0.59, 0.84]	ND	ND		ND
Exercise in normal weight women	N
Ming 2018 [16]	2981	0.58 [0.37, 0.90]	0.01	−1.61 [−1.99, −1.22]	<10−2	None