Table 3.

Effect of diet advice interventions in women with gestational diabetes on the risk of maternal medication use, on gestational weight gain (GWG), on the growth at birth and on the risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia according to meta-analyses. Values are in bold when the results were statistically significant; p values are indicated when they were reported in the reviews. LGA: Large for Gestational Age.

		MOTHER		NEONATE
	N	Medication RR [95% CI]	GWG kg Mean [SD]	LGA RR [95% CI]	Macrosomia RR [95% CI]	Birth Weight g Mean [SD]	Hypoglycaemia RR [95% CI]
Viana 2014 [32]
Low glycemic index	257	0.77 [0.66, 0.99] **	−0.41 [−1.84, 1.02]	ND	0.48 [0.15, 1.56]	−161.9 [−246.4, −77.4] ¶	ND
Energy restriction diet	425	ND	ND	ND	1.00 [0.65, 1.55]	ND	1.01 [0.72, 1.43]
Low carbohydrates	182	1.06 [0.15, 1.56]	ND	ND	0.35 [0.06, 1.91]	ND	ND
Wei 2016 [33]
Low glycemic index	302	0.67 [0.44–1.00] *	ND	1.38 [0.58, 3.32]	0.27 [0.10, 0.71] §	ND	ND
Han 2017 [34]
Low glycemic index	224	0.82 [0.39, 1.74]	−0.47 [−2.18, 1.24]	0.71 [0.22, 2.34]	0.59 [0.16, 2.26]	−56.0 [−201.9, 89.9]	ND
Energy restriction diet	437	1.05 [0.47, 2.34]	+1.88 [−1.96, 5.72]	1.17 [0.65, 2.21]	0.99 [0.64, 1.53]	−107.0 [−240.3, 26.3]	1.06 [0.48, 2.32]
Low carbohydrates	182	1.02 [0.77, 1.37]	−0.90 [−1.60, −0.20]	0.51 [0.13, 1.95]	0.20 [0.02, 1.69]	+ 22.0 [−241.1, 285.1]	0.91 [0.39, 2.12]
DASH diet	136	0.28 [0.14, 0.53] **	−2.88 [−8.48, −2.71]	ND	0.10 [0.01, 0.73]	−581.3 [−790.3, −372.2]	ND
Yamamoto 2018 [35]
All diet	1023	0.65 [0.47, 0.88]	ND	0.96 [0.63, 1.46]	0.49 [0.27, 0.88] **	−171.6 [−333.6, −7.6] **	ND
Low glycemic index		0.80 [0.55, 1.14]	ND	1.33 [0.54, 3.31]	0.46 [0.15, 1.46]	−54.2 [−179.0, 70.5]	ND
Energy restriction diet		1.05 [0.47, 2.34]	ND	1.17 [0.65, 2.12]	1.56 [0.61, 3.94]	194.0 [−42.6, 430.6]	ND
Low carbohydrates		1.00 [0.75, 1.34]	ND	0.51 [0.13, 1.95]	0.20 [0.02, 1.69]	57.7 [−164.9, 280.4]	ND

* p = 0.05; ** p < 0.05; § p ≤ 10⁻²; ¶ p ≤ 10⁻³.