Table 4.
Odds ratios of children meeting the estimated average requirements/adequate intake/Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (EAR/AI/AMDR) of each nutrient by consumer group compared to YCM/PCM consumers (reference) in age groups one to two years and three to four years.
| Other milk Consumers | Non-Dairy Consumers | Factors Associated with Increased Odds of Meeting EAR/AI/AMDR of Nutrient (p < 0.05) | Factors Associated with Lower Odds of Meeting EAR/AI/AMDR of Nutrient (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p -Value | OR | 95% CI | p -Value | |||||
| Protein | 2.27 | 1.33 | 3.88 | 0.003 | 0.39 | 0.23 | 0.63 | <0.001 | Living in urban dwelling | Education levels: Elementary, high school, No grades completed |
| Total fat | 1.41 | 0.89 | 2.24 | 0.146 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.35 | <0.001 | Wealth quintiles: rich, richest | Education level: Elementary |
| Carbohydrates | 0.35 | 0.20 | 0.63 | <0.001 | 1.69 | 0.83 | 3.43 | 0.145 | - | Wealth quintiles: richest |
| Calcium | 1.05 | 0.67 | 1.66 | 0.828 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 | <0.001 | Wealth quintile: richest | Wealth quintiles: poorest |
| Phosphorus | 3.07 | 1.94 | 4.85 | <0.001 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.54 | <0.001 | Living in urban dwelling | - |
| Iron | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.15 | <0.001 | - | - |
| Selenium | 2.60 | 1.49 | 4.53 | 0.001 | 1.70 | 0.99 | 2.92 | 0.054 | - | Wealth quintiles: poor, poorest; Education level: No grades completed |
| Zinc | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.28 | <0.001 | Wealth quintile: richest; Living in urban dwelling | Education level: Elementary |
| Thiamin | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0.68 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.41 | <0.001 | Wealth quintile: richest; Living in urban dwelling | Education level: Elementary |
| Riboflavin | 3.07 | 1.83 | 5.17 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.22 | <0.001 | - | Education level: Elementary |
| Niacin | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.56 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.60 | <0.001 | Living in urban dwelling | Education levels: Elementary, high school |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.42 | <0.001 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.56 | <0.001 | Wealth quintile: richest; Living in urban dwelling | Education levels: Elementary, high school |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.51 | 0.33 | 0.78 | 0.002 | 0.49 | 0.32 | 0.77 | 0.002 | - | Education levels: Elementary, high school |
| Folate | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.35 | <0.001 | - | Wealth quintiles: poor, poorest |
| Vitamin C | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.29 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.16 | <0.001 | - | - |
| Vitamin D | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.08 | <0.001 | - | - |
| Vitamin E | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.11 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.09 | <0.001 | - | Education level: Elementary |
| Other milk Consumers | Non-dairy Consumers | Factors Associated with Increased Odds of Meeting EAR/AI/AMDR of Nutrient (p < 0.05) | Factors Associated with Lower Odds of Meeting EAR/AI/AMDR of Nutrient (p < 0.05) | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p -Value | OR | 95% CI | p -Value | |||||
| Protein | 1.65 | 0.57 | 4.79 | 0.358 | 0.51 | 0.18 | 1.44 | 0.204 | Living in urban dwelling | - |
| Total fat | 0.53 | 0.15 | 1.86 | 0.320 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.32 | <0.001 | Living in urban dwelling | Wealth quintiles: poor, poorest; Education level: Vocational |
| Carbohydrates | 0.79 | 0.39 | 1.60 | 0.510 | 2.57 | 1.19 | 5.54 | 0.016 | Wealth quintiles: poor, poorest | Wealth quintile: richest; Living in urban dwelling; Mother currently working |
| Calcium | 1.48 | 0.76 | 2.88 | 0.244 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.24 | <0.001 | Living in urban dwelling | - |
| Phosphorus | 2.54 | 1.32 | 4.92 | 0.006 | 0.65 | 0.34 | 1.23 | 0.186 | Wealth quintile: richest; Living in urban dwelling | Education level: Elementary |
| Iron | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.46 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.41 | <0.001 | Wealth quintile: richest; Living in urban dwelling | Education level: Vocational |
| Selenium | 2.30 | 0.55 | 9.58 | 0.251 | 2.24 | 0.54 | 9.25 | 0.266 | Living in urban dwelling | Education levels: Elementary, no grades completed |
| Zinc | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.89 | 0.024 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.55 | <0.001 | Wealth quintiles: rich, richest; Living in urban dwelling | - |
| Thiamin | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.93 | 0.031 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.73 | 0.005 | Living in urban dwelling | Education level: No grades completed |
| Riboflavin | 6.24 | 3.03 | 12.84 | <0.001 | 0.55 | 0.28 | 1.09 | 0.087 | Wealth quintile: richest; Living in urban dwelling | Education level: Elementary |
| Niacin | 0.95 | 0.40 | 2.25 | 0.912 | 1.28 | 0.54 | 3.06 | 0.576 | Living in urban dwelling | Education level: Elementary |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.86 | 0.017 | 0.44 | 0.22 | 0.90 | 0.024 | - | - |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.89 | 0.48 | 1.67 | 0.721 | 0.87 | 0.46 | 1.63 | 0.656 | - | Education level: No grades completed |
| Folate | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.53 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.56 | <0.001 | - | - |
| Vitamin C | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.37 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.28 | <0.001 | Wealth quintile: richest | - |
| Vitamin D | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.27 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.34 | <0.001 | - | - |
| Vitamin E | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.27 | <0.001 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.22 | <0.001 | - | - |
YCM/PCM consumer group was considered as reference group (OR = 1.0) for the respective age groups (one to two years; three to four years).