Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by dehydration status- sociodemographic, health, biochemical parameters and medications.
| All | Dehydration+ | Dehydration- | p 1 | Missing Values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 358 (100.0) | 209 (58.4) | 149 (41.6) | ||
| Sociodemographic parameters | |||||
| Age (y), Mdn (IQR) | 82 (78–86) | 82 (78–86) | 82 (77–86) | 0.33 | |
| Age (75+), n (%) | 309 (86.3) | 185 (88.5) | 124 (83.2) | 0.16 | - |
| Sex (F), n (%) | 274 (76.5) | 161 (77.0) | 113 (75.8) | 0.80 | - |
| Residence (rural), n (%) | 77 (21.5) | 45 (21.5) | 32 (21.59) | 1.00 | - |
| Living in long term care, n (%) | 11 (3.1) | 7 (3.3) | 4 (2.7) | 1.0 | - |
| Living alone, n (%) | 105 (30.3) | 64 (31.7) | 41 (28.3) | 0.55 | 11 |
| Health parameters | |||||
| Hospitalizations in the last year, n (%) | 98 (27.6) | 55 (26.6) | 43 (29.1) | 0.63 | 3 |
| Chronic diseases, Mdn (IQR) | 5.0 (3.0–6.0) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | 0.001 | |
| Multimorbidity, n (%) | 210 (58.7) | 134 (64.1) | 76 (51.0) | 0.02 | - |
| Parkinson disease, n (%) | 51 (14.2) | 29 (13.9) | 22 (14.8) | 0.88 | - |
| Dementia, n (%) | 122 (34.1) | 69 (33.0) | 53 (35.6) | 0.65 | - |
| Depression, n (%) | 154 (55.8) | 87 (53.0) | 67 (59.8) | 0.27 | 82 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 191 (53.4) | 121 (57.9) | 70 (47.0) | 0.05 | - |
| Chronic cardiac failure, n (%) | 141 (39.4) | 90 (43.1) | 51 (34.2) | 0.10 | - |
| NYHA class I/II, n (%) | 70 (49.6) | 44 (48.9) | 26 (51.0) | 0.86 | |
| NYHA class III/IV, n (%) | 71 (50.4) | 46 (51.1) | 25 (49.0) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 88 (24.6) | 52 (24.9) | 36 (24.2) | 0.90 | - |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 35 (9.8) | 24 (11.5) | 11 (7.4) | 0.21 | - |
| Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 57 (15.9) | 32 (15.3) | 25 (16.8) | 0.77 | - |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 108 (30.2) | 76 (36.4) | 32 (21.5) | 0.002 | - |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 278 (77.7) | 176 (84.2) | 102 (68.5) | 0.001 | - |
| Stroke/ TIA, n (%) | 52 (14.5) | 30 (14.4) | 22 (14.8) | 1.00 | - |
| Neoplasm, n (%) | 31 (8.7) | 16 (7.7) | 15 (10.1) | 0.45 | - |
| Osteoarthritis, n (%) | 277 (77.4) | 164 (78.5) | 113 (75.8) | 0.61 | - |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 56 (15.6) | 30 (14.4) | 26 (17.4) | 0.46 | - |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 191 (53.4) | 133 (63.6) | 58 (38.9) | <0.001 | - |
| Urinary incontinence, n (%) | 171 (47.9) | 102 (48.8) | 69 (46.6) | 0.75 | 1 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg, Mdn (IQR) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 0.28 | 3 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg, Mdn (IQR) | 70 (60–80) | 70 (60–80) | 70 (60–80) | 0.55 | 3 |
| Orthostatic hypotension, n (%) | 50 (16.1) | 27 (15.0 | 23 (17.7) | 0.54 | 48 |
| Biochemical parameters | |||||
| Osmolarity, mMol/L, Mdn (IQR) | 296.5 (292.2–299.6) | 298.9 (296.9–301.6) | 291.1 (287.3–293.3) | <0.001 | - |
| Serum sodium, mmol/L, Mdn (IQR) | 140.0 (138.0–141.0) | 141.0 (140.0–142.0) | 138.0 (136.0–139.0) | <0.001 | - |
| Hyponatremia, n (%) | 24 (6.7) | 4 (1.9) | 20 (13.4) | <0.001 | - |
| Serum potassium, mmol/L, M(SD) | 4.43 (0.46) | 4.50 (0.46) | 4.33 (0.44) | 0.001 | - |
| Serum urea, mmol/L, Mdn (IQR) | 6.9 (5.5–8.8) | 7.8 (6.2–9.9) | 5.8 (4.9–7.3) | <0.001 | - |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L, Mdn (IQR) | 5.5 (5.0–6.3) | 5.6 (5.2–6.7) | 5.3 (4.9–5.8) | <0.001 | - |
| >7.8mmol/L, n (%) | 43 (12.0) | 36 (17.2) | 7 (4.7) | <0.001 | |
| >10mmol/L, n (%) | 12 (3.6) | 10 (4.9) | 2 (1.6) | 0.14 | |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L, M (SD) | 1.14 (0.07) | 1.15 (0.07) | 1.13 (0.06) | 0.14 | 84 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2, M (SD) | 57.8 (17.1) | 58.2 (16.8) | 58.4 (16.7) | 0.91 | 4 |
| Serum creatinine, mmol/L, Mdn (IQR) | 86.2 (74.3–107.2) | 91.05 (77.8–115.8) | 78.7 (69.8–96.4) | <0.001 | 4 |
| Hemoglobin, mmol/L, M (SD) | 7.76 (1.08) | 7.75 (1.08) | 7.79 (1.08) | 0.70 | 3 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 158 (44.5) | 92 (44.7) | 66 (44.3) | 1.0 | 3 |
| Medications | |||||
| Number of medications, Mdn (IQR) | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (4.0–9.0) | 0.01 | 8 |
| Polypharmacy, n (%) | 275 (78.6) | 172 (83.5) | 103 (71.5) | 0.008 | 8 |
| Alfa1-blockers, n (%) | 21 (6.0) | 13 (6.3) | 8 (5.6) | 0.82 | 9 |
| Neuroleptics, n (%) | 63 (18.1) | 34 (16.6) | 29 (20.1) | 0.40 | 9 |
| ACE-I/ ARB, n (%) | 219 (62.8) | 138 (67.3) | 81 (56.3) | 0.04 | 9 |
| Procognitive medications, n (%) | 45 (12.9) | 20 (9.8) | 25 (17.4) | 0.05 | 9 |
| AChE-I, n (%) | 40 (11.5) | 18 (8.8) | 22 (15.3) | 0.09 | 9 |
| Memantine, n (%) | 13 (3.7) | 4 (2.0) | 9 (6.3) | 0.046 | 9 |
| Donepezil, n (%) | 26 (7.4) | 13 (6.3) | 13 (9.0) | 0.41 | 9 |
| Rivastigmine, n (%) | 14 (4.0) | 5 (2.4) | 9 (6.3) | 0.097 | 9 |
| Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 96 (27.5) | 58 (28.3) | 38 (26.4) | 0.72 | 9 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 223 (63.9) | 141 (68.8) | 82 (56.9) | 0.03 | 9 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 27 (7.7) | 17 (8.3) | 10 (6.9) | 0.69 | 9 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 166 (47.6) | 110 (53.7) | 56 (38.9) | 0.009 | 9 |
| Lipid lowering drugs, n (%) | 117 (33.5) | 78 (38.0) | 39 (27.1) | 0.04 | 9 |
| Benzodiazepines, n (%) | 41 (11.7) | 24 (11.7) | 17 (11.8) | 1.00 | 8 |
| SSRI, n (%) | 97 (27.8) | 49 (23.9) | 48 (33.3) | 0.07 | 9 |
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 21 (6.0) | 14 (6.8) | 7 (4.9) | 0.50 | 9 |
1 – a t-test for independent samples or a Mann–Whitney test (continuous or interval variables) and χ2 test (categorical variables) were used to compare participants categorized according to dehydration status. In all the analyses, a two-tailed p value of less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; AChE-I, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, glomerular filtration rate; F, female; IQR, interquartile range; M, mean value; Mdn, median value; n, number of cases; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischemic attack; y, years. Bold signifies a statistically significant value.