Table 3.
Oxidative stress biomarkers. Effect of gestational diabetes in oxidative stress biomarkers of cerebral cortex and hippocampus of young and adult, male and female offspring.
| Male Offspring | Female Offspring | |||||||
| Cerebral Cortex |
C-Young
n = 6 |
GD-Young
n = 6 |
C-Adult
n = 6 |
GD-Adult
n = 6 |
C-Young
n = 5 |
GD-Young
n = 5 |
C-Adult
n = 5 |
GD-Adult
n = 5 |
| GSHt (µmoles/mg protein) | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.04 *● | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.1 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.04 *● |
| GSSG (µmoles/mg protein) | 0.01 ± 0.001 | 0.13 ± 0.02 *● | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.016 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ±0.04 *● |
| GSH (µmoles/mg protein) | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.11 ± 0.03 *● | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.27 ± 0.005 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.07 *● |
| GSH/GSSG ratio | 14.02 ± 2.16 | 1.14 ± 0.33 *● | 2.66 ± 0.68 | 1.75 ± 0.18 | 1.36 ± 0.35 | 0.84 ± 0.37 | 8.44 ± 1.73 | 0.97 ± 0.38 *● |
| ROS (arbitrary units/mg protein) | 27.39 ± 2.56 | 36.1 ± 2.53 *● | 21.85 ± 2.15 | 29.74 ± 1.98 *● | 28.52 ± 0.97 | 34.81 ± 2.23 *● | 28.27 ± 3.01 | 41.19 ± 3.33 *● |
| Lipid peroxidation (nmoles TBARS/mg protein) |
330.0 ± 18.21 | 412.9 ± 29.1 *● | 241.1 ± 15.82 | 329.0 ± 33.18 *● | 328.2 ± 10.14 | 433.7 ± 18.68 *● | 309.7 ± 27.23 | 382.3 ± 17.91 *● |
| Catalase activity (U/mg protein) | 1.58 ± 0.17 | 0.87 ± 0.06 * | 1.24 ± 0.08 | 0.79 ± 0.11 * | 2.00 ± 0.17 | 1.03 ± 0.12 *● | 1.88 ± 0.19 | 1.05 ± 0.100 *● |
| SOD activity (U/mg protein) | 2.96 ± 0.15 | 2.97 ± 0.017 | 1.59 ± 0.166 | 1.90 ± 0.13 | 12.76 ± 0.62 | 8.18 ± 0.44 *● | 7.95 ± 0.38 | 2.57 ± 0.085 *● |
| Hippocampus |
C-Young
n = 6 |
GD-Young
n = 6 |
C-Adult
n = 6 |
GD-Adult
n = 6 |
C-Young
n = 5 |
GD-Young
n = 5 |
C-Adult
n = 5 |
GD-Adult
n = 5 |
| GSHt (µmoles/mg protein) | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.41 ± 0.02 *● | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.68 ± 0.0 | 0.47 ± 0.02 |
| GSSG (µmoles/mg protein) | 0.07 ± 0.004 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.053 ± 0.00 | 0.06± 0.00 | 0.081 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 |
| GSH (µmoles/mg protein) | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.04 *● | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.41 ± 0.01 *● |
| GSH/GSSG ratio | 2.10 ± 0.55 | 2.33 ± 0.67 | 0.92 ± 0.24 | 1.22 ± 0.33 | 7.01 ± 0.8 | 2.05 ± 0.96 *● | 8.17 ± 1.84 | 8.60 ± 1.6 |
| ROS (arbitrary units/mg protein) | 17.98 ± 1.24 | 29.9 ± 2.61 *● | 17.08 ± 1.74 | 24.03 ± 0.84 *● | 17.97 ± 2.18 | 24.46 ± 1.03 * | 17.8 ± 2.90 | 25.44 ± 1.96 *● |
| Lipid peroxidation (nmoles TBARS/mg protein) |
348.6 ± 18.15 | 403.0 ± 11.85 *● | 197.7 ± 15.97 | 320.7 ± 33.01 *● | 276.5 ± 18.8 | 393.6 ± 35.93 *● | 288.2 ± 17.75 | 420.3 ± 45.54 *● |
| Catalase activity (U/mg protein) | 1.15 ± 0.17 | 0.74 ± 0.08 | 1.41 ± 0.09 | 0.80 ± 0.04 *● | 1.45 ± 0.16 | 0.81 ± 0.14 *● | 1.33 ± 0.09 | 0.66 ± 0.09 *● |
| SOD activity (U/mg protein) | 7.02 ± 0.23 | 6.95 ± 0.20 | 5.43 ± 0.21 | 4.87 ± 0.02 | 12.76 ± 0.62 | 8.12 ± 0.44 *● | 7.72 ± 0.56 | 3.27 ± 0.04 *● |
Note: C, control offspring. GD, gestational diabetes offspring (n = 5–6). GSHt, total glutathione. GSSG, oxidized glutathione. GSH, reduced glutathione. ROS, reactive oxygen species. TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. SOD, superoxide dismutase. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Student’s t-test; * P < 0.05, ● d > 1.