Table 1.
Characterization of severely obese adults at baseline for the intervention groups, Brazil, 2016 (n = 111).
| Variables | Total n (%) |
Olive Oil (n = 34) n (%) |
DieTBra (n = 38) n (%) |
Olive Oil + DieTBra (n = 39) n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex * | ||||
| Women | 104 (93.7) | 32 (94.1) | 36 (94.7) | 36 (92.3) |
| Men | 7 (6.3) | 2 (5.9) | 2 (5.3) | 3 (7.7) |
| Age (years) ** | ||||
| 18–40 | 57 (51.4) | 19 (55.9) | 21 (55.3) | 17 (43.6) |
| ≥41 | 54 (48.6) | 15 (44.1) | 17 (44.7) | 22 (56.4) |
| Skin color ** | ||||
| White/dark | 94 (84.7) | 29 (85.3) | 33 (86.8) | 32 (82.0) |
| Black | 17 (15.3) | 5 (14.7) | 5 (13.2) | 7 (18.0) |
| Formal education (years of study) ** | ||||
| ≤4 | 10 (9.0) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (5.3) | 7 (17.9) |
| 5–11 | 83 (74.8) | 27 (79.4) | 30(78.9) | 26 (66.7) |
| ≥12 | 18 (16.2) | 6 (17.7) | 6(15.8) | 6 (15.4) |
| Economic class ** | ||||
| A-B | 28 (25.2) | 12 (35.3) | 7 (18.4) | 9 (23.1) |
| C | 65 (58.6) | 15 (44.1) | 24 (63.2) | 26 (66.7) |
| D-E | 18 (16.2) | 7 (20.6) | 7 (18.4) | 4(10.2) |
| Smoking** | ||||
| Never smoked | 76 (68.5) | 25 (73.5) | 27 (71.0) | 24 (61.5) |
| Smoker/ex-smoker | 35 (31.5) | 9 (26.5) | 11 (29.0) | 15 (38.5) |
| Binge drinking (n = 62) ** | ||||
| Yes | 32 (51.6) | 9 (50.0) | 10 (47.6) | 13 (56.5) |
| No | 30 (48.4) | 9 (50.0) | 11 (52.4) | 10 (43.5) |
| Menopause (n = 104) * | ||||
| Yes | 18 (16.2) | 6 (18.7) | 3 (8.3) | 9 (25.0) |
| No | 86 (77.5) | 26 (81.3) | 33 (91.7) | 27 (75.0) |
| Drugs↓BMD ** | ||||
| Yes | 28 (25.2) | 6 (17.6) | 8 (21.1) | 14 (35.9) |
| No | 83 (74.8) | 28 (82.4) | 30 (78.9) | 25 (64.1) |
| PA ≥150 min/week (n = 104) * | ||||
| Yes | 99 (95.2) | 30 (93.8) | 35 (97.2) | 34 (94.5) |
| No | 4 (4.8) | 2 (6.2) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (5.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) * | ||||
| 35–39.99 | 22 (19.8) | 7 (20.6) | 8 (21.1) | 7 (18.0) |
| 40–49.99 | 78 (70.3) | 25 (73.5) | 23 (60.5) | 30 (76.9) |
| >50 | 11(9.9) | 2 (5.9) | 7 (18.4) | 2 (5.1) |
| Weight (mean kg ± SD) *** | 110.211.6 | 108.0 ± 10.9 | 111.7 ± 12.1 | 110.7 ± 11.8 |
| Fat mass (mean kg ± SD) *** | 51.6 ± 5.2 | 50.5 ± 5.1 | 51.5 ± 4.7 | 52.6 ± 5.6 |
| Lean mass (mean kg ± SD) | 50.7 ± 9.1 | 47.9 ± 11.1 | 51.9 ± 7.6 | 50.4 ± 8.5 |
| Outcomes | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| BMD spine (g/cm2) *** | 1.069 ± 0.165 | 1.053 ± 0.136 | 1.119 ± 0.166 | 1.035 ± 0.180 |
| BMD hip (g/cm2) *** | 1.201 ± 0.143 | 1.182 ± 0.139 | 1.236 ± 0.120 | 1.183 ± 0.162 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) *** | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 9.4 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 9.4 ± 0.41 |
| Serum vitamin D (ng/mL) *** | 30.5 ± 9.6 | 30.8 ± 9.5 | 29.16 ± 9.2 | 31.5 ± 10.1 |
| PTH (pg/mL) *** | 53.7 ± 26.0 | 55.0 ± 20.7 | 57.9 ± 35.9 | 48.5 ± 16.5 |
| Dietary calcium (mg/day) *** | 417.2 ± 222.6 | 375.5 ± 213.0 | 445.0 ± 210.9 | 426.5 ± 241.5 |
| Dietary vitamin D (µcg/day) *** | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 2.2 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) **** | 1685.1 ± 762.1 | 1674.8 ± 610.8 | 1678.1 ± 568.2 | 1701.1 ± 1021.1 |
| Protein intake (% TEV) *** | 18.0 ± 4.8 | 18.1 ± 4.3 | 17.3 ± 5.1 | 18.7 ± 4.7 |
* Fisher’s exact test (p > 0.05). ** Chi-squared test (p > 0.05). *** ANOVA (p > 0.05). **** Kruskal–Wallis (p > 0.05). ↓(reduces). DieTBra (traditional Brazilian diet), BMD (bone mineral density), PA (physical activity), SD (standard deviation), BMI (body mass index), PTH (parathyroid hormone), TEV (total energy value).