Table 4.
Difference between post and pre-intervention of the outcome variables in the three intervention groups with severe obesity, Brazil, 2016 (n = 97).
| Olive Oil (n = 28) |
DieTBra (n = 32) |
Olive Oil + DieTBra (n = 37) |
All * | Olive Oil × DieTBra ** | Olive Oil × Olive Oil + DieTBra ** | DieTBra × Olive Oil + DieTBra ** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes (Final-Initial) | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p | p | p | p |
| ▲BMD spine (g/cm2) | 0.034 ± 0.116 | 0.043 ± 0.092 | 0.009 ± 0.111 | 0.399 * | 0.754 | 0.380 | 0.180 |
| ▲BMD hip (g/cm2) | 0.026 ± 0.111 | 0.009 ± 0.100 | −0.003 ± 0.109 | 0.556 * | 0.531 | 0.296 | 0.641 |
| ▲Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 0.4 ± 0.7 | −0.0 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.7 | 0.116 * | 0.051 | 0.122 | 0.536 |
| ▲ Serum Vit. D (ng/mL) | 0.1 ± 6.5 | 2.7 ± 8.4 | 0.7 ± 5.4 | 0.675 ** | 0.218 | 0.697 | 0.273 |
| ▲PTH (pg/mL) | −7.3 ± 20.7 | −12.6 ± 29.9 a | −1.2 ± 13.2 a | 0.10 ** | 0.431 | 0.158 | 0.042 |
| ▲Dietary calcium (mg/day) | −13.1 ± 294.8 | −103.8 ± 268.3 | −68.4 ± 218.4 | 0.337 * | 0.176 *** | 0.362 *** | 0.526 *** |
| ▲Dietary vitamin D (µcg/day) | 0.2 ± 2.9 | 0.9 ± 3.9 | −0.2 ± 2.4 | 0.831 ** | 0.458 *** | 0.448 *** | 0.129 *** |
| ▲Energy intake (kcal/day) | −144.8 ± 918.3 a | −573.9 ± 719.8 a | −303.7 ± 882.1 | 0.016 ** | 0.005 **** | 0.325 **** | 0.055 **** |
| ▲Protein intake (%TEV) | −4.9 ± 7.1 | −1.4 ± 10.2 | −3.8 ± 8.3 | 0.227 * | 0.105 *** | 0.560 *** | 0.265 *** |
▲ (difference), BMD (bone mineral density), Vit. D (vitamin D), PTH (parathyroid hormone), SD (standard deviation), TEV (total energy value), all (comparison between the three groups), olive oil (extra virgin olive oil group), DieTBra (traditional Brazilian diet group), olive oil + DieTBra (extra virgin olive oil group + traditional Brazilian diet). * ANOVA. ** Kruskal–Wallis test for delta serum vitamin D, PTH, dietary vitamin D (normal distribution, but without homoscedasticity; energy with non-normal distribution). *** Student’s t-test. **** Man–Whitney. Means followed by the same letter are statistically different from each other. Bold (value p < 0.05).