Table 1.
Characteristics of participants before and after low calorie diet (LCD) intervention.
| Men | Women | Effect-Sex | Time | Time × Sex | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | After LCD | Baseline | After LCD | ||||
| n | 175 | 175 | 303 | 303 | |||
| Age (yr) | 42 ± 6 | 42 ± 6 | 41 ± 6 | 41 ± 6 | 0 | 1 | |
| Acetate (mmol/L) | 1.36 ± 1.54 | 1.41 ± 1.25 | 1.12 ± 1.03 | 1.18 ± 1.04 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.672 |
| HOMA index | 3.86 ± 2.35 | 2.18 ± 2.23 | 2.93 ± 3.0 | 2.00 ± 2.53 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Matsuda index | 4.10 ± 2.50 | 7.16 ± 3.8 | 5.67 ± 3.50 | 7.55 ± 3.70 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 13.8 ± 7.6 | 8.1 ± 5.3 | 11.14 ± 11.14 | 8.18 ± 9.32 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.457 |
| FFA (micromol/L) | 528 ± 190 | 634 ± 204 | 675 ± 263 | 746 ± 213 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.176 |
| Acetoacetate (mmol/L) | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.30 | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.30 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.376 |
| 3-OH-butyrate (mmol/L) | 0.35 ± 0.30 | 1.52 ± 2.00 | 0.56 ± 0.52 | 1.69 ± 1.94 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.133 |
| Acetate/3-OH-butyrate ratio | 5.80 ± 8 | 2.08 ± 3 | 3.50 ± 4.90 | 1.40 ± 2.04 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.415 |
| Acetate/Acetoacetate ratio | 26 ± 29 | 12 ± 16 | 18 ± 21 | 9 ± 10 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.787 |
| Body weight (kg) | 111.8 ± 17.5 | 99.0 ± 15.9 | 96.8 ± 16.5 | 86.6 ± 15 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.702 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35 ± 4.8 | 31 ± 4.4 | 35.2 ± 5.1 | 31.4 ± 4.6 | 0.259 | 0.000 | 0.657 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 73.4 ± 9.9 | 69.8 ± 8.7 | 53.4 ± 8.1 | 51 ± 8 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.990 |
| Baecke Questionnaire scores | |||||||
| Leisure index | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.70 ± 0.7 | 3.07 ± 0.6 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.569 |
| Sports index | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 0.620 | 0.675 | 0.310 |
| Work index | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 0.087 | 0.670 | 0.980 |
Repeated measures ANOVA. First p-value reported corresponds to sex effect. Second p-value corresponds to the time effect and third p-value corresponds to the sex–time effect. Data expressed as mean and standard deviation. Abbreviations: low-calorie diet (LCD), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), BMI (Body Mass Index) free fatty acids (FFA).