Table 2.
Mean and standard error (SE) of micronutrient concentrations among Ghanaian women expecting to become pregnant in food secure and food insecure households.
| Micronutrient Concentrations | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
| Zinc a (g/dL) | ||||||
| FS | 82.8 | 1.6 | 82.6 | 1.7 | 82.5 | 1.6 |
| FIS | 81.1 | 2.9 | 81.9 | 3.1 | 82.1 | 3.1 |
| p-value | 0.626 | 0.844 | 0.905 | |||
| Copper (µg/dL) | ||||||
| FS | 114.4 | 2.9 | 114.1 | 3.0 | 113.9 | 3.0 |
| FIS | 112.9 | 5.3 | 114.2 | 5.7 | 114.7 | 5.8 |
| p-value | 0.787 | 0.983 | 0.907 | |||
| Retinol b (µg/dL) | ||||||
| FS | 39.4 | 1.7 | 39.5 | 1.7 | 39.5 | 1.6 |
| FIS | 32.4 | 3.0 | 32.0 | 3.2 | 32.1 | 3.1 |
| p-value | 0.043 * | 0.046 * | 0.046 * | |||
| 25(OH)D3 (nmol/L) | ||||||
| FS | 65.6 | 1.7 | 65.7 | 1.7 | 65.5 | 1.7 |
| FIS | 63.3 | 3.1 | 63.3 | 3.3 | 64.1 | 3.4 |
| p-value | 0.566 | 0.532 | 0.737 | |||
| 25(OH)D3 + 3-epi-25(OH)D3 (nmol/L) | ||||||
| FS | 68.4 | 1.8 | 68.5 | 1.8 | 68.3 | 1.9 |
| FIS | 66.8 | 3.3 | 66.5 | 3.5 | 67.3 | 3.6 |
| p-value | 0.673 | 0.628 | 0.830 | |||
| Iron (TSAT) (%) | ||||||
| FS | 26.0 | 1.6 | 25.4 | 1.6 | 24.9 | 1.6 |
| FIS | 24.0 | 2.9 | 26.1 | 3.1 | 27.5 | 3.1 |
| p-value | 0.559 | 0.826 | 0.484 | |||
| Iron (Ft) c (µg/L) | ||||||
| FS | 74.5 | 6.8 | 71.7 | 6.8 | 71.0 | 6.8 |
| FIS | 64.4 | 12.5 | 73.6 | 13.0 | 76.0 | 13.2 |
| p-value | 0.482 | 0.902 | 0.747 | |||
FS: Food security. FIS: Food insecurity. TSAT: Transferrin saturation. Ft: Ferritin. Linear regression models with concentrations as outcome variables. Model 1 no adjustment for any covariates, Model 2 adjusted for marital status, age, parity, BMI, SES and years of schooling. Model 3 adjusted for marital status, age, parity, BMI, SES, years of schooling and all other nutrients (zinc, copper, iron (TSAT or Ft), retinol and vitamin D: {25(OH)D3 or 25(OH)D3 + 3-epi-25(OH)D3}) except the nutrient used as dependent variable. a Adjustment using correction factors from Mburu et al. [37]. b Adjustment using correction factors from Thurnham et al. [35]. c Adjustment using correction factors from Thurnham et al. [30]. * Significant p-value < 0.05.