Table 3.
Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) of micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies according to food security status among Ghanaian women expecting to become pregnant.
| Nutrient Deficiency | Model 1 OR (95% CI) |
Model 2 OR (95% CI) |
Model 3 OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zinc Deficiency | |||
| FS (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| FIS | 1.25 (0.32, 4.88) | 2.07 (0.46, 9.23) | 2.29 (0.49,10.63) |
| p-value | 0.752 | 0.341 | 0.292 |
| Copper Deficiency | |||
| FS (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| FIS | 3.73 (0.45, 30.61) | 6.67 (0.67, 66.0) | 13.7 (0.93, 203.11) |
| p-value | 0.221 | 0.105 | 0.067 |
| Retinol Deficiency | |||
| FS (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| FIS | 1.88 (0.21, 16.52) | 2.04 (0.18, 23.27) | 2.50 (0.15, 40.58) |
| p-value | 0.569 | 0.569 | 0.520 |
| 25(OH)D3 Deficiency | |||
| FS (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| FIS | 0.42 (0.12, 1.44) | 0.48 (0.11, 2.14) | 0.45 (0.09, 2.31) |
| p-value | 0.168 | 0.334 | 0.339 |
| 25(OH)D3 + 3-epi-25(OH)D3 Deficiency | |||
| FS (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| FIS | 0.47 (0.10, 2.13) | 0.49 (0.08, 2.96) | 0.71 (0.11, 4.71) |
| p-value | 0.324 | 0.436 | 0.725 |
| Iron Deficiency (TSAT) | |||
| FS (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| FIS | 0.62 (0.22, 1.70) | 0.95 (0.28, 3.05) | 1.31 (0.37, 4.70) |
| p-value | 0.348 | 0.931 | 0.680 |
| Iron Deficiency (Ft) | |||
| FS (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| FIS | 0.48 (0.13, 1.81) | 0.69 (0.16, 3.03) | 0.76 (0.16, 3.57) |
| p-value | 0.277 | 0.626 | 0.732 |
| One or More Nutrient Deficiencies/Insufficiencies | |||
| FS (reference) | 1 | 1 | |
| FIS | 0.79 (0.30, 2.09) | 1.38 (0.42, 4.54) | |
| p-value | 0.640 | 0.594 | - |
| Two or More Nutrient Deficiencies/Insufficiencies | |||
| FS (reference) | 1 | 1 | |
| FIS | 0.71 (0.20, 2.55) | 1.05 (0.26, 4.33) | |
| p-value | 0.604 | 0.945 | - |
FS: Food security. FIS: Food insecurity. TSAT: Transferrin saturation. Ft: Ferritin. Logistic regression models; Model 1 includes FIS, Model 2 adjusted for marital status, age, parity, BMI, SES and years of schooling. Model 3 adjusted for marital status, age, parity, BMI, SES, years of schooling and all nutrients (zinc, copper, iron (TSAT or Ft)), retinol and two forms of Vitamin D: {25(OH)D3 or 25(OH)D3 + 3-epi-25(OH)D3}) except the nutrient used as dependent variable.