Table 2.
Basic Characteristics depending on the amount of coffee intake in male and female 1.
| Male | Female | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee | <1 cup/d | ≥1 cup/d | p 2 | <1 cup/d | ≥1 cup/d | p 2 |
| (n = 837) | (n = 1690) | (n = 1112) | (n = 1259) | |||
| Age (year) | 56.62 ± 8.90 | 53.95 ± 8.13 | <0.0001 | 57.28 ± 8.75 | 54.55 ± 8.73 | <0.0001 |
| Marriage 3 | ||||||
| Married | 798 (95.34) | 1639 (96.98) | 0.0361 | 939 (84.44) | 1071 (85.07) | 0.6725 |
| Monthly income (×104 KRW) | ||||||
| Low (<100) | 251 (29.99) | 351 (20.77) | <0.0001 | 524 (47.12) | 468 (37.17) | <0.0001 |
| Medium (100–199) | 199 (23.78) | 356 (21.07) | 268 (24.10) | 254 (20.17) | ||
| High (≥200) | 387 (46.24) | 983 (58.17) | 320 (28.78) | 537 (42.65) | ||
| Education (year) | ||||||
| Low (0–6) | 217 (25.93) | 313 (18.52) | <0.0001 | 619 (55.67) | 508 (40.35) | <0.0001 |
| Medium ((7–9) | 171 (20.43) | 348 (20.59) | 222 (19.96) | 264 (20.97) | ||
| High (≥10) | 449 (53.64) | 1029 (60.89) | 271 (24.37) | 487 (36.68) | ||
| Alcohol drinking behavior | ||||||
| Never | 154 (18.40) | 335 (19.82) | 0.6875 | 869 (78.15) | 817 (64.89) | <0.0001 |
| Former | 70 (8.36) | 136 (8.05) | 22 (1.98) | 19 (1.51) | ||
| Current | 613 (73.24) | 1219 (72.13) | 221 (19.87) | 423 (33.60) | ||
| Alcohol intake (g/day) 4 | 25.77 ± 36.07 | 25.00 ± 31.27 | 0.5934 | 3.99 ± 8.89 | 4.88 ± 11.01 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking behavior | ||||||
| Never | 287 (34.29) | 346 (20.47) | <0.0001 | 1094 (98.38) | 1219 (96.82) | 0.0489 |
| Former | 304 (36.32) | 642 (37.99) | 5 (0.45) | 12 (0.95) | ||
| Current | 246 (29.39) | 702 (41.54) | 13 (1.17) | 28 (2.22) | ||
| Tobacco consumption (pack/years) 5 | 16.61 ± 14.57 | 20.25 ± 18.42 | <0.0001 | 7.38 ± 6.04 | 7.42 ± 8.31 | 0.0289 |
| Nutrient intakes | ||||||
| Energy (Kcal) | 1,772.21 ± 510.35 | 1984.88 ± 527.16 | <0.0001 | 1594.52 ± 497.34 | 1753.07 ± 532.77 | <0.0001 |
| Sugar (g/per 1000 Kcal) | 180.35 ± 16.89 | 177.75 ± 14.54 | <0.0001 | 186.28 ± 16.97 | 182.06 ± 15.48 | <0.0001 |
| Fat (g/per 1000 Kcal) | 14.72 ± 5.89 | 16.44 ± 5.13 | <0.0001 | 12.68 ± 5.89 | 14.85 ± 5.44 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (g/per 1000 Kcal) | 32.52 ± 5.93 | 32.48 ± 5.13 | 0.8755 | 31.88 ± 5.30 | 32.44 ± 5.97 | 0.0269 |
| Energy distribution (%) | ||||||
| Carbohydrate | 73.35 ± 7.20 | 71.93 ± 6.13 | <0.0001 | 75.56 ± 7.32 | 73.47 ± 6.63 | <0.0001 |
| Fat | 13.44 ± 5.31 | 14.94 ± 4.61 | <0.0001 | 11.53 ± 5.29 | 13.45 ± 4.85 | <0.0001 |
| Protein | 13.21 ± 2.35 | 13.13 ± 2.03 | 0.4204 | 12.91 ± 2.45 | 13.07 ± 2.33 | 0.0946 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 117.73 ± 15.80 | 116.12 ± 14.87 | 0.0147 | 116.00 ± 17.26 | 113.95 ± 16.84 | 0.0030 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.74 ± 10.11 | 79.18 ± 10.10 | 0.1838 | 76.61 ± 10.37 | 75.58 ± 10.53 | 0.0131 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.22 ± 7.76 | 84.77 ± 7.46 | 0.0692 | 83.98 ± 9.68 | 82.76 ± 9.45 | 0.0022 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 90.90 ± 5.23 | 92.32 ± 5.21 | <0.0001 | 91.13 ± 5.35 | 92.18 ± 5.25 | <0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 166.32 ± 5.95 | 167.15 ± 5.83 | 0.0008 | 153.23 ± 5.84 | 153.94 ± 5.63 | 0.0026 |
| Weight (kg) | 65.71 ± 9.27 | 68.04 ± 9.57 | <0.0001 | 57.55 ± 8.45 | 58.76 ± 8.03 | 0.0004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) 6 | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 26 (3.11) | 29 (1.72) | 0.0003 | 18 (1.62) | 15 (1.19) | 0.0739 |
| Normal (18.5–22.9) | 290 (34.65) | 502 (29.70) | 364 (32.73) | 356 (28.28) | ||
| Overweight (23–24.9) | 253 (30.23) | 485 (28.70) | 284 (25.54) | 356 (28.28) | ||
| Obese (≥25) | 268 (32.02) | 674 (39.88) | 446 (40.11) | 532 (42.26) | ||
| HbA1C (%) | 5.41 ± 0.41 | 5.41 ± 0.39 | 0.9575 | 5.47 ± 0.40 | 5.44 ± 0.40 | 0.0628 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183.12 ± 34.42 | 191.06 ± 32.64 | <0.0001 | 193.01 ± 34.56 | 196.65 ± 33.53 | 0.0060 |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 43.90 ± 10.86 | 43.04 ± 10.24 | 0.0614 | 44.83 ± 9.77 | 46.75 ± 10.16 | <0.0001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 144.81 ± 107.99 | 150.9 ± 117.12 | 0.0385 | 124.89 ± 69.71 | 116.24 ± 66.91 | 0.0001 |
| Menopause | 789 (70.95) | 712 (56.55) | <0.0001 | |||
| Female hormone treatment | 25 (2.25) | 34 (2.70) | 0.4804 | |||
| Hypertension 7 | 259 (30.94) | 482 (28.52) | 0.2079 | 367 (33.00) | 333 (26.45) | 0.0005 |
1 Data are presented as the means ± SDs or n (%). 2 Statistical significance was calculated with Student’s t-tests for continuous variables after log transformation and chi-square tests for categorical variables. 3 Married included married and cohabitation. 4 Data were collected from current alcohol consumers without missing responders; n = 610, 1216 in male and 220, 421 in female, respectively. 5 Data were collected from former and current smokers without missing responders; n = 189, 372 in male and 13, 24 in female, respectively. 6 Degree of obesity was categorized into four stages according to the criterion of World Health Organization (WHO) Asia-Pacific Area [21]. 7 Subjects with diagnosis in medical history.