Table 2.

The effects of the intake of polyphenols on intestinal bacteria.

Examined Polyphenols	Dose	Duration	Type of Experiment	Subjects	Diet	Diseases	Medications Taken	Stimulation of Bacterial Growth	Inhibition of Bacterial Growth	Reference
(+) – catechin (-) - epicatechin	150 mg/1000 mg	48 h	In vitro					Escherichia coli Bifidobacterium spp. Group Clostridium coccoides- Eubacterium rectale	Clostridium histolyticum	[38]
Tea catechins	300 mg	6 weeks	In vivo [Open label pilot]	31 females and 4 males from 66 to 98 years of age	38.7 g proteins, 21.1 g lipids, 191 g carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins.	Hypertension, cerebral stroke, senile dementia	None antibiotics	Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus		[46]
(+) – epicatechin (-) – catechin 3-O-methylgallic acid Gallic acid Caffeic acid Phloretic acid 3-Phenylpropionic acid 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid	1 mg/mL	24 h	In vitro					Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp.	Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus spp..	[47]
Extract from grapes’ seeds containing proanthocyanidins	0,19 g 0,38 g	2 weeks	In vivo [Open label pilot]	9 healthy adults from 37 to 42 years of age 8 elderly inpatients from 67 to 98 years of age	None red wine, green tea, products prepared using lactic bacteria 62,5±4,7 g/d proteins, 38,0 ± 4,7 g/d lipids, 212,0 ± 15,0 g/d carbohydrate 9,4 ± 1,3 g/d sodium, 803,9 ± 105,8 mg/d moisture, 568,1 ± 89,9 mg/d calcium	Cerebral stroke, bone fracture, senile dementia, articular rheumatism	None antibiotics None antibiotics	Bifidobacterium spp.	Enterobacteriaceae	[48]
Cocoa flavonoids	23 mg 494 mg	4 weeks	In vivo (Randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled)	22 healthy volunteers (12 male and 10 female - premenopausal ) from 18 to 50 years of age	The patients did not change their dietary habits		None antibiotics	Bifidobacterium spp. Lactobacillus spp.	Clostridium spp.	[50]
Polyphenols in wine	272 mL/d	4 weeks	In vivo (Randomized, crossover, controlled, intervention)	10 healthy adult men from 45–50 years of age	The patients did not change their dietary habits None alcohol and red wine		None antibiotics and supplements	Enterococcus, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides uniformis, Eggerthella lenta, Blautia coccoides–Eubacterium rectale group		[52]
Polyphenols in wine	272 mL/d	30 days	In vivo (Randomized, crossover, controlled intervention)	20 adult men (10 obese and 10 healthy) from 45 to 50 years old:	The American Heart Association dietary guidelines		None antibiotics, prebiotic, probiotics, symbiotics, vitamin supplements and any medical treatment influencing intestinal microbiota	Bifidobacterium spp. Lactobacillus spp.	Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli	[56]
Resveratrol Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	80 mg/d 282 mg/d	12 week	In vivo (Randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled)	18 males and 19 females from 20 to 50 years of age	< 600 mg caffeine, < 3 cups green tea, < 20 g alcohol	Overweight and obese	None antibiotics, medication, supplements		Bacteroidetes	[57]
Anthocyanins Gallic acid		24 h	In vitro					Bifidobacterium spp. Lactobacillus spp.	Clostridium histolyticum	[64]
Quercetin	12.5, 25, 50, 75μg/mL	24 h	In vitro						Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Enterococcus caccae	[73]
Naringenin, Naringin, Hesperetin, Hesperidin, Rutin, Quercetin Catechin	20, 100, 250 μg/mL* * [for quercetin 4, 20, 50 μg/mL]	24 h	In vitro						Lactic acid bacteria	[74]
Grapes’ polyphenols	0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/mL	24 h	In vitro						Bifidobacterium spp. Lactobacillus spp.	[75]
Extracts from: blackcurrant blueberry cranberry cloudberry lingonberry raspberry berry of sea-buckthorn strawberry Polyphenols: Apigenin, Caffeic acid, (+) - Catechin, Chlorogenic acid, Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, Cyanidin chloride, Delphinidin chloride, Ferulic acid, Isoquercetin, Kaempferol, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Luteolin, Myricetin, Pelargonidin chloride, Quercetin dihydrate, Rutin trihydrate, Trans-cinnamic acid	0,5, 1, 5 mg/mL	24 h	In vitro						Lactobacillus spp.	[76]