Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of pregnant women and newborns.
| Variables | C (n = 41) |
N-GDM (n = 69) |
O-GDM (n = 48) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal variables | |||||
| Age (years) | 31.7 ± 3.8 (23–36) |
34.8 ± 4.8 (25–55) |
34.6 ± 4.5 (26–42) |
||
| Height (cm) | 164 ± 0.1 (152–175) |
160 ± 0.1 * (149–173) |
160 ± 0.1 *,† (148–177) |
||
| Weight (Kg) | |||||
| T1 | 62.8 ± 5.8 (53–74) |
60.9 ± 7.0 (43.3–77) |
81.3 ± 7.8 *,† (68.8–96) |
||
| T2 | 68.8 ± 5.2 (59–78) |
64.9 ± 7.1 * (45–82.8) |
82.0 ± 9.6 *,† (64–115) |
||
| T3 | 75.2 ± 4.4 ‡ (68–83) |
68.8 ± 7.2 *,‡ (51.9–88.5) |
85.2 ± 10.0 *,†,‡ (66–120) |
||
| Weight gain (Kg) | 12.4 ± 4.8 | 8.0 ± 3.4 * | 5.8 ± 3.8 *,† | ||
| (4–22) | (0.2–12) | (0.2–13.5) | |||
| BMI (Kg/m2) | |||||
| T1 | 23.5 ± 1.8 (20.5–1.8) |
24.0 ± 2.3 (17.3–28.9) |
31.5 ± 2.3 *,† (30–38.9) |
||
| T2 | 25.7 ± 1.5 (22–29.3) |
25.6 ± 2.2 (18–30) |
32.0 ± 3.1 *,† (28.9–37.3) |
||
| T3 | 28.1 ± 2.0 ‡ (25.7–29.9) |
26.9 ± 2.0 *,‡ (20.8–29.8) |
33.4 ± 3.4 *,†,‡ (30.1–41.4) |
||
| Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | |||||
| T1 | 81.5 ± 5.9 (73.3–93.3) |
81.7 ± 7.1 (63.3–95.6) |
79.1 ± 5.6 † (67.3–86.7) |
||
| T2 | 82.2 ± 5.9 (73.3–93.3) |
88.4 ± 9.7 * (66.7–103.3) |
80.5 ± 7.5 † (66.7–93.3) |
||
| T3 | 86.4 ± 5.3 ‡ (73.3–96.7) |
83.1 ± 6.3 * (66.7–101.7) |
81.4 ± 7.5 * (70–95) |
||
| Fasting glycemia (mg/dL) | 84.0 ± 4.0 (80–88) |
85.5 ± 10.9 (63–103) |
84.3 ± 8.4 (69–98) |
||
| OGTT (mg/dL) | |||||
| Basal glycemia | 77.5 ± 4.3 (69–85) |
81.8 ± 8.4 * (70–110) |
87.2 ± 14.2 *,† (70–129) |
||
| Glycemia at 2 hours | 106.4 ± 17.4 (75–139) |
157.7 ± 15.7 * (140–201) |
154.7 ± 17.3 * (141–200) |
||
| Insulin (µUI/ml) | - | 9.5 ± 5.1 (2.7–27.4) |
11.9 ± 6.5 * (3.3–26.6) |
||
| HbA1c % | - | 5.7 ± 2.0 (2.4–14.4) |
5.9 ± 1.4 (4.9–13.5) |
||
| HOMA-IR | - | 2.0 ± 1.5 (0.5–5.2) |
3.1 ± 2.8 * (0.8–12.9) |
||
| Newborn variables | |||||
| Sex (female/male) | 25/16 | 37/32 | 21/27 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.5 ± 1.0 (37–40) |
38.6 ± 3 (36–40) |
38.2 ± 3.2 (37–40) |
||
| Height (cm) | 49.5 ± 1.7 (45–52.5) |
49.9 ± 2.0 (46–52) |
49.5 ± 1.5 (48–52) |
||
| Birth weight (grams) | 3308 ± 382 (2600–4060) |
3286 ± 412 (2430–3830) |
3243 ± 405 (2700–3950) |
||
| Ponderal index (grams/cm3 x100) | 2.6 ± 0.2 (2.35–3.02) |
2.7 ± 0.2 (2.43–3.14) |
2.7 ± 0.3 (2.3–3.16) |
||
Control (C, n = 41) and nonobese (N) or obese (O) women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, n = 117) were included. Clinical variables at the 1st trimester (T1, 0–14 weeks of gestation), 2nd trimester (T2, 14–28 weeks of gestation) or 3rd trimester (T3, 28–40 weeks of gestation) of pregnancy were tabulated. Weight, body mass index (BMI) and mean arterial pressure were determined for all groups at T1, T2 and T3. Maternal age, height and fasting glycemia were determined in all groups at T1. The insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were determined, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in all GDM groups at T2. At birth, neonatal sex, gestational age, height, weight and ponderal index were determined. Normal values or ranges for the measured variables are as follows: mean arterial pressure < 106 mmHg, OGTT basal glycemia < 100 mg/dL, OGTT glycemia at 2 hours <140 mg/dL, insulin 2.6-24.9 µUI/ml, HbA1c < 6.0% and HOMA-IR until 2.6. Data are presented as the mean ± S.D. (range). Significant differences were considered with p <0.05. * respect to C, † respect to the N-GDM group, ‡ respect to T1.