Table 3.
Clinical characteristics of pregnant womem and newborns recruited for feto-placental vascular reactivity assays.
| Variables | NTC-C (n = 5) |
HTC-C (n = 5) |
NTC-GDM (n = 7) |
HTC-GDM (n = 4) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal variables | |||||||
| Weeks of gestation | 39.8 ± 0.4 (39–40) |
38.4 ± 1.1 * (37–40) |
38.6 ± 0.8 * (38–40) |
39.3 ± 0.5 (39–40) |
|||
| Age (years) | 31.4 ± 8.0 (19–38) |
28.8 ± 3.5 (27–34) |
30.9 ± 5.6 (23–39) |
34.3 ± 3.6 (29–37) |
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| Height (cm) | 1.65 ± 0.1 (1.59–1.73) |
1.61 ± 0.1 (1.51–1.67) |
1.60 ± 0.04 (1.55–1.64) |
1.63 ± 0.1 (1.57–1.78) |
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| Weight (Kg) | |||||||
| T1 | 63.2 ± 6.4 (52–68) |
59.9 ± 7.1 (52.1–71) |
61.7 ± 5.9 (53–70) |
67.8 ± 2.1 (66–70) |
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| T3 | 73.2 ± 6.9 ‡ (63–80) |
69.9 ± 5.0 ‡ (63–74) |
71.0 ± 5.9 ‡ (65–78) |
74.2 ± 1.0 ‡ (73.5–76) |
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| Weight gain (Kg) | 10.0 ± 5.1 (3–16) |
9.0 ± 6.0 (1.5–10.5) |
7.6 ± 2.9 (5–11) |
7.8 ± 1.7 (6–10) |
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| BMI (Kg/m2) | |||||||
| T1 | 23.3 ± 2.2 (21–26) |
23.0 ± 2.0 (21–25) |
24.4 ± 2.2 (21–27) |
25.7 ± 3.3 (21–28) |
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| T3 | 26.1 ± 0.9 ‡ (25–27) |
27.1 ± 0.9 ‡ (26–28) |
27.7 ± 1.5 ‡ (25–29) |
28.3 ± 2.9 (24–29.8) |
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| Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | |||||||
| T1 | 76.1 ± 5.4 (70–83) |
82.2 ± 5.1 (77–87) |
79.8 ± 6.6 (73–90) |
76.7 ± 4.7 (73–83) |
|||
| T3 | 89.3 ± 11.5 (73–105) |
82.2 ± 5.9 (73–90) |
85.9 ± 9.5 (73–103) |
80.2 ± 3.7 (77–84) |
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| Fasting glycemia (mg/dL) | 81.8 ± 4.0 (77–86) |
77.0 ± 9.8 (70–88) |
86.6 ± 5.7 (80–91) |
80.3 ± 3.6 (75–83) |
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| OGTT (mg/dL) | |||||||
| Basal glycemia | 73.0 ± 7.0 (65–78) |
70.5 ± 0.7 (70–71) |
77.1 ± 5.0 (70–85) |
79.0 ± 5.7 (73–86) |
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| Glycemia at 2 hours | 104.3 ± 10.0 (93–112) |
98.0 ± 35.4 (73–123) |
148.7 ± 4.7 * (144–155) |
164.3 ± 20.8 * (146–192) |
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| Insulin (µUI/ml) | - | - | 13.6 ± 3.0 (11.5–17) |
11.5 ± 7.3 (2.5–17) |
|||
| HbA1c % | - | - | 4.9 ± 0.3 (4.6–5.3) |
5.4 ± 1.7 (4.5–9.9) |
|||
| HOMA-IR | - | - | 2.5 ± 0.4 (2.2–2.9) |
2.3 ± 1.4 (0.7–4.2) |
|||
| Lipids (mg/dL) | |||||||
| Total cholesterol | 223 ± 29.2 (187–258) |
308 ± 22.3 * (292–347) |
232 ± 19.8 (202–256) |
337 ± 44.5*,† (298–376) |
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| Triglycerides | 276 ± 45.4 (201–317) |
235 ± 96.3 (184–394) |
219 ± 73.3 (153–331) |
268 ± 76.6 (172–-335) |
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| High density lipoproteins | 61 ± 14.5 (49–84) |
53 ± 8.0 (47–67) |
72 ± 14.0 (50–91) |
83 ± 23.3 (50–110) |
|||
| Low density lipoproteins | 119 ± 18.1 (101–142) |
208 ± 25.2 * (166–234) |
147 ± 27.5 (109–176) |
159 ± 48.6 (113–220) |
|||
| Very low density lipoproteins | 43 ± 24.4 (13–63) |
47 ± 18.7 (31–79) |
46 ± 13.2 (33–66) |
54 ± 15.5 (34–67) |
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| Newborn variables | |||||||
| Sex (female/male) | 2/3 | 1/4 | 4/3 | 2/2 | |||
| Height (cm) | 51.6 ± 1.2 (50–53) |
50.2 ± 1.3 (49–53) |
50.3 ± 1.7 (47–52) |
50.6 ± 1.4 (49–52) |
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| Birth weight (grams) | 3500 ± 199.1 (3320–3810) |
3220 ± 346.5 (2890–3800) |
3287 ± 312.1 (2640–3610) |
3545 ± 438.5 (2900–3860) |
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| Ponderal index (grams/cm3 × 100) | 2.5 ± 0.1 (2.4–2.7) |
2.6 ± 0.1 (2.4–2.7) |
2.6 ± 0.2 (2.3–2.8) |
2.7 ± 0.3 (2.5–3.1) |
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Control (C) women with normal total cholesterol (NTC) (NTC-C, n = 5), high total cholesterol (HTC) (HTC-C, n = 5), women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and NTC (NTS-GDM, n = 7) and with GDM and HTC (HTC-GDM, n = 4) were included. Clinical variables at the 1st trimester (T1, 0–14 weeks of gestation), 2nd trimester (T2, 14–28 weeks of gestation) or 3rd trimester (T3, 28–40 weeks of gestation) of pregnancy were tabulated. Weight, body mass index (BMI) and mean arterial pressure were determined in all groups at T1, T2 and T3. Maternal age, height and fasting glycemia were determined in all groups at T1. Insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were performed in all GDM groups at T2. Maternal lipids were determined at T3. At birth, neonatal sex, gestational age, height, weight, and ponderal index were determined. Normal values or ranges for the measured variables are as follows: mean arterial pressure < 106 mmHg, OGTT basal glycemia ≤ 100 mg/dL, OGTT glycemia at 2 hours ≤ 140 mg/dL, insulin 2.6–24.9 µUI/ml, HbA1c < 6.0%, HOMA-IR until 2.6, and HTC ≥ 280 mg/dL. Data are presented as the mean ± S.D. (range). Significant differences were considered with p < 0.05. * respect to NTC-C, ‡ respect to T1, † respect to NTC-GDM.