Table 1.
Antioxidative influence of food ingredients on the brain.
| Protective Effect | Design | Animals | Target Sites | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tannic acid | ↑ SOD after 12 weeks; ↑ CAT both after 6 and 12 weeks | 7 mg Cd (as cadmium chloride) and 50 mg Pb (as lead acetate) per kg of feed for 6 or 12 weeks; tannic acid with drink (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 or 2.5% solutions) for 6 or 12 weeks | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [66] |
| ↑ SOD after 12 weeks; ↑ CAT both after 6 and 12 weeks | aqueous solutions of [Cd (7 or 14 mg L−1 distiller water) or Pb (50 or 100 mg L−1 distilled water)] or 2 % tannic acid solution, alternatively every 7 days, for 6 or 12 weeks | ||||
| Tannic acid | ↓ LPO; ↑ GSH; ↑ GST; ↑ GPX; ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT | 50 mg kg−1 bw lead acetate intraperitoneally three times a week for two weeks; 50 mg kg−1 bw tanic acid orally three times a week for two weeks | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [91] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX; ↑ GSH; ↑ GST; ↑ GR; ↑ G6PD; ↑ TSH; ↓ ROS; ↓ TBARS; ↓ NO; ↓ PC; ↑ vitamin C | 25 mg kg−1 bw fluoride (as NaF)) per day by intragastric administration for 4 weeks; 40 mg kg−1 bw EGCG administrated 30 min before administration of NaF per day by intragastric administration for 4 weeks | Male Wistar rats | Hippocampus | [92] |
| Quercetin | ↓ LPO; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX | Mice with traumatic brain injuries; 20 mg kg−1 bw quercetin through intraperitoneal injection for 7 days | Mice | Total brain | [93] |
| Quercetin | ↓ MDA; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX | 1 mg Cd (as cadmium chloride) kg−1 bw per day by injection for 30 days; 15 mg quercetin kg−1 bw orally for 30 days | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Total brain | [94] |
| Quercetin | ↓ MDA; ↑ SOD; ↑ GSH | Rats with brain damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage; 10 or 50 mg kg−1 bw quercetin administered intraperitoneally at 30 min, 12 h, and 24 h after the subarachnoid hemorrhage insult | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Cerebral cortex | [95] |
| Quercetin | ↑ GSH; ↓ NO | 80 mg kg−1 ifosfamide intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days; 50 mg kg−1 bw quercetin orally for 6 consecutive days | Adult female rats | Cortex, cerebellum, striatum, pons, thalamus, hypothalamus | [96] |
| Quercetin | ↑ CAT; ↓ MDA; ↑ GPX; ↑ total thiol; | 10 mg kg−1 chlorpyrifos orally once a day by gavage for 1 month, 30 min after administration of quercetin; 20 mg kg−1 quercetin orally once a day by gavage for 1 month | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Total brain | [97] |
| Lycopene | ↓ MDA; ↑ TAC; ↓neuronal cell death | Diabetic rats; 4 mg kg−1 lycopene orally for 8 weeks | Male Wistar rats | Hippocampus | [98] |
| Lycopene | ↑ GSH; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD | 0.25 mg kg−1 per day lipopolysaccharide by injection for 9 days; 0.03% lycopene mixed with standard diet for 5 weeks | Male C57BL/6J mice | Total brain | [99] |
| Lycopene | ↓ MDA; ↑ GSH; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX | 150 mg kg−1 per day D-galactose by intraperitoneally injection for 8 weeks; 50 mg kg−1 bw lycopene per day mixed with standard diet for 8 weeks | CD-1 male mice | Hippocampus | [100] |
| Curcumin | ↑ GSH; ↓ TBARS | 25 mg kg−1 lead acetate orally for 2 weeks; alone and after 1 h treated orally either with curcumin (15 mg kg−1) or nanocurcumin (15 mg kg−1) for 2 weeks |
Swiss albino mice | Total brain | [101] |
| Curcumin | ↑ GSH; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX; ↑ GR; ↑ GST | 15 mg kg−1 bw potassium dichromate by a single intraperitoneal injection on 10 days; 400 mg kg−1 bw curcumin orally for 10 days | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [102] |
| Curcumin | ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ total thiol; ↓ TBARS; ↓ AOPP; ↓ PC | Gasoline inhalation—2 hours daily; 3% powdered curcumin roots in feed | Male mice CD1 strain |
Total brain | [103] |
| Vitamin C | ↓ MDA; ↑ SOD; ↑ GSH | 5 mg kg−1 bw cadmium chloride injected subcutaneously every day for 49 days; 100 mg kg−1 vitamin C injected subcutaneously every day for 49 days 30 min. before Cd injection | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Total brain | [104] |
| Vitamin C, vitamin E | ↓ LPO; ↑ AChE; ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↑ GPX; ↑ GSH; ↑ ATPases | 5 mg kg−1 bw per day cadmium chloride orally for 284 days; 50 mg kg−1 bw per day vitamin C and vitamin E orally for 248 days | Rats | Total brain | [77] |
| Vitamin E | ↓ MDA; ↓ NO; ↑ TAC | 0.6 mg kg−1 bw deltamethrin taken once daily via oral gavage for 30 days; 200 mg kg−1 bw vitamin E taken once daily via oral gavage for 30 days | Male albino rats | Total brain | [105] |
| Vitamin E | ↑ CAT; ↑ GPX | Waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure for one-hour session per day for five days per week for 1 month; 100 mg kg−1 vitamin E once a day by oral gavage for 1 month | Adult Wistar rats | Hippocapus | [106] |
| Vitamin E, selenium | ↓ AOPP; ↑ vitamin C; improved the diminished activities of antioxidative enzymes and the levels of GSH | 0.2 g L−1 drinking water dimethoate; 100 mg kg−1 diet vitamin E; 0.5 mg kg−1 diet selenium | Adult Wistar rats | Cerebral cortex tissue | [107] |
| Vitamin E, selenium | ↓ TBARS; improved the diminished activities of antioxidative enzymes and the levels of GSH | 100 mg kg−1 bw prednisolone injected intramuscularly for 3 consecutive days; 20 mg DL-α-tocopheryl acetate and 0.3 mg sodium selenite for 30 days by oral route | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [108] |
| Vitamin E, selenium | ↑ SOD; ↓ TBARS; ↑ GSH; ↑ GST; ↑ GR; ↑ vitamin E | 20 mg L−1 AgNO3 in drinking water; 400 mg kg−1 diet vitamin E and mg L−1 selenium in drinking water | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [76] |
| Melatonin | ↑ AChE; ↓ TBARS; ↑ GSH; ↑ vitamin C; ↑ vitamin E; ↑ TSH | 5 mg kg−1 bw cadmium chloride orally for 4 weeks; melatonin (10 mg kg bw) in ethanol subcutaneously for 4 weeks; the injection of melatonin was 30 min before Cd administration | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [75] |
| Melatonin | ↓elato ↓elat ↑elato ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX; ↑ GR | 34 mg kg−1 bw aluminum chloride orally every day for 7 days; melatonin (10 mg kg−1 bw) administered intraperitoneally every day for 7 days; the injection of melatonin was 60 min before aluminum administration | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [109] |
| Morin | ↓ MDA; ↑ AChE; ↑ MAO; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX; ↑ GST; ↑ GSH; ↑ vitamin C; ↑ vitamin E | 3 mg kg−1 bw cadmium chloride injected every day for 21 days; morin alone (40 mg kg−1 bw) 1 h before cadmium chloride injection for 21 days | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Total brain | [110] |
| Morin | ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↓ TBARS; ↑ GSH; ↑ GPX; | 100 mg kg−1 ammonium chloride by intraperitoneal injections thrice in a week for 8 weeks; 30 mg kg−1 morin orally by intragastric tube for 8 weeks | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [111] |
| Taurine | ↓ MDA; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD | Diabetes rats; 40 mg kg−1 bw streptozotocin by a single intraperitoneal injection; single dose 40 mg kg−1 bw, and after 3 days they were injected with taurine at a dose 50 mg kg−1 bw for 60 days | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [112] |
| Taurine | ↓ ROS; ↓ MDA; ↑ GSH; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX; ↑ AChE | Traumatic model cells; cells were treated with 100, 200, or 300 mg l−1 of taurine for 72 h | Male Wistar neonatal rats | Cortical tissues | [113] |
| Astaxanthin | ↓ MDA; ↑ GSH; ↑ SOD | 40 mg L−1 per day cadmium chloride orally for 30 days; 20 mg kg−1 per day Astaxanthin by gastric gauge for 30 days | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [114] |
| Astaxanthin | ↑ GSH; ↑ CAT; ↓ MDA; | 2 mg kg−1 bw per week doxorubicin injected intraperitoneally (one injection per week) for 4 weeks; 25 mg kg−1 per day astaxanthin (5 days per week) orally for 4 weeks | Male albino rats | Hippocampus | [115] |
| Leonurine | ↓ MDA; ↑ GPX; ↑ SOD | Stroke rats group treated with 15, 30 or 60 mg kg−1 per day of leonurine orally once daily for 1 week | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Total brain | [116] |
| Carvacrol | ↓ MDA; ↑ GSH; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX; ↑ GR | Chronic restraint stress was performed using a rodent restrainer made of plexiglas that closely fit to the rats’ body (6 h per day for 21 consecutive days); 20, 30, or 40 mg kg −1 carvacrol for 21 days | Wistar rats | Total brain | [117] |
| Caffeine | ↓ LPO; ↓ ROS | 30 mg kg−1 caffeine per day for 2 weeks; 5 mg kg−1 cadmium chloride per day for 2 weeks | Male C57BL/6N mice | Hippocampus, cortex | [118] |
| Resveratrol | ↓ MDA; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; | 100 mg kg−1 bw aluminum chloride and 10 mg kg−1 bw sodium fluoride orally with orogastric tube for 8 weeks; 30 mg kg−1 bw resveratrol orally with orogastric tube for 8 weeks |
Sprague Dawley rats | Total brain | [119] |
| Resveratrol | ↓ MDA; ↑ GSH | 375 mg kg−1 glyphosate-based herbicide in distilled water with a gastric gavage once a day for 56 days; 20 mg kg−1 resveratrol in distilled water with a gastric gavage once a day for 56 days | Male Wistar rats | Total brain | [120] |
↑—increased concentration or activity compared to oxidant-exposed group; ↓—decreased or inhibited concentration or activity compared to oxidant-exposed group; SOD—superoxide dismutase; CAT—catalase; GPX—glutathione peroxidase; GSH—glutathione; GST—glutathione S-transferase; GR—glutathione reductase; TBARS—thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; ROS—reactive oxygen species; NO—nitrite/nitrate; LPO—lipid peroxidation; TAC—total antioxidant capacity; MDA—malondialdehyde; AChE—acetylcholinesterase; ATPases—adenylpyrophosphatase; MAO—monoaminoxidase activity; AOPP—advanced oxidation protein products; TSH—total sulphydryl groups; PC—protein carbonyls; G6PD—glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; bw—body weight.