Table 4.
Associations between intake of individual dairy products (g/day) and cognitive performance (domain z-scores) in elderly (n = 619).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 3 PR by 100 g/d ** |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | p * | β | SE | p * | β | SE | p * | PR ** | 95% CI | |
| AWM | |||||||||||
| Total milk | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.97 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.94 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.75–1.24 |
| Semi/skimmed milk | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.97 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.94 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.88 | 1.03 | 0.79–1.33 |
| Full-fat milk | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.97 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.94 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.88 | 1.74 | 0.52–1.74 |
| Total yoghurt | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.54–1.14 |
| Semi/skimmed yoghurt | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.94 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.48–1.09 |
| Full-fat yoghurt | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.97 | −0.06 | 0.08 | 0.94 | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.35–1.81 |
| Total cheese | −0.00 | 0.04 | 0.97 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.94 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.88 | 1.29 | 0.93–1.81 |
| Dutch cheese | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.66–1.49 |
| Chocolate milk | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.97 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.94 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.88 | 0.76 | 0.41–1.39 |
| Buttermilk | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.94 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.65–1.40 |
| Custard | −0.08 | 0.10 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.39–1.93 |
| EF | |||||||||||
| Total milk | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.39 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.79 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.68 | 1.15 | 0.90–1.47 |
| Semi/skimmed milk | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.40 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.70 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.72 | 1.21 | 0.94–1.56 |
| Full-fat milk | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.75 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.81 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.76 | 1.23 | 0.69–2.20 |
| Total yoghurt | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.92 | 0.63–1.35 |
| Semi/skimmed yoghurt | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.66 | 0.98 | 0.67–1.44 |
| Full-fat yoghurt | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.75 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.84 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.76 | 1.09 | 0.51–2.31 |
| Total cheese | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.76 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.81 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.51–1.18 |
| Dutch cheese | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.72 | 0.95 | 0.65–1.40 |
| Chocolate milk | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.81 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.80 | 0.47–1.38 |
| Buttermilk | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.99 | 0.66–1.50 |
| Custard | −0.20 | 0.07 | 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.70 | −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.66 | 1.15 | 0.57–2.34 |
| IPS | |||||||||||
| Total milk | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.67 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.70 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.84 | 1.01 | 0.75–1.34 |
| Semi/skimmed milk | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.33 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.51 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.44 | 1.04 | 0.79–1.36 |
| Full-fat milk | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.67 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.70 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.77 | 1.09 | 0.56–2.12 |
| Total yoghurt | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.67 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.70 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.64 | 1.09 | 0.77–1.53 |
| Semi/skimmed yoghurt | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.87 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.70 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 1.07 | 0.75–1.53 |
| Full-fat yoghurt | −0.08 | 0.07 | 0.48 | −0.12 | 0.07 | 0.39 | −0.12 | 0.07 | 0.39 | 1.43 | 0.71–2.89 |
| Total cheese | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.75 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.88 | −0.00 | 0.04 | 0.96 | 0.80 | 0.54–1.18 |
| Dutch cheese | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.55 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 0.67 | 0.47–0.97 |
| Chocolate milk | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.48 | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.70 | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.54–1.62 |
| Buttermilk | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.57 | 0.31–1.06 |
| Custard | −0.15 | 0.08 | 0.26 | −0.04 | 0.08 | 0.70 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.84 | 1.15 | 0.53–2.48 |
| EM | |||||||||||
| Total milk | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.97 | 1.03 | 0.79–1.35 |
| Semi/skimmed milk | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.97 | 1.07 | 0.84–1.37 |
| Full-fat milk | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.92 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 0.41–1.77 |
| Total yoghurt | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.80 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.86 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.86 | 1.22 | 0.89–1.69 |
| Semi/skimmed yoghurt | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.80 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.83 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0,74 | 1.29 | 0.94–1.78 |
| Full-fat yoghurt | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.80 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.83 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.35–1.53 |
| Total cheese | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.88 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.83 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.74 | 1.19 | 0.84–1.68 |
| Dutch cheese | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.92 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.97 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.97 | 1.40 | 0.89–2.21 |
| Chocolate milk | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.88 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.97 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.50–1.51 |
| Buttermilk | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.80 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.59–1.34 |
| Custard | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.48 | 0.18–1.29 |
Associations are adjusted for age, sex (Model 1), BMI, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, habitual physical activity (Model 2), total energy intake, dietary factors (Model 3). * Adjusted p-value using method by Benjamini–Hochberg ** Total cheese and Dutch cheese by 30 g increase. AWM, attention and working memory; EF executive function; EM, episodic memory; IPS, information processing speed; PR, prevalence ratio.