Table 2.
Description of the biomarkers selected in this work.
| Biomarker | Length/Mass * | Description * | Function * | Most Prominent Carcinomas Reported in 2018 ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD9 | 141–228 aa/15.9–25.4 kDa | Cell-surface proteins member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Tetraspanins are extensively and variably glycosylated. | Involved in cell adhesion, migration and motility and also platelet activation and aggregation. | Breast [24]/Prostate [25]/Lung [26]/Colorectum [27]/Stomach [28]/Liver [29] |
| CD63 | 133–238 aa/14.3–25.6 kDa | Breast [30]/Prostate [31]/Lung [32]/Colorectum [33]/Stomach [34]/Liver [35] | ||
| CD81 | 51–274 aa/5.6–29.8 kDa | Breast [36]/Prostate [37]/Lung [38]/Colorectum [39]/Stomach [40]/Liver [41] | ||
| CD24 | 37–129 aa/4.1–13 kDa | Cell-surface small protein that is heavily and distinctly glycosylated. It is a sialoglycoprotein expressed in B-cell development and B-cell neoplasia and a large variety of malignant tumors. | Involved in the regulation of cell binding capacity, proliferation, maturation and tumor metastasis. | Breast [42]/Prostate [43]/Lung [44]/Colorectum [45]/Stomach [46]/Liver [47] |
| CD44 | 78–742 aa/8.8–81.5 kDa | Cell-surface transmembrane glycoprotein, receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA) and other ligands, such as osteopontin, collagens and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Frequently called HCAM (homing cell adhesion molecule) | Involved in in cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis and tumor metastasis. | Breast [48]/Prostate [49]/Lung [50]/Colorectum [51]/Stomach [52]/Liver [53] |
| CD54 (ICAM-1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) | 180–532 aa/19.4–57.8 kDa | Cell-surface transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Typically expressed on endothelial cells and also found in epithelial cells and cells of the immune system. Frequently called ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1). | Involved in leukocyte endothelial transmigration, cell signaling, adhesion, polarity, cell-cell interaction, tissue stability and tumor metastasis. | Breast [54]/Prostate [55]/Lung [56]/Colorectum [57]/Stomach [58]/Liver [59] |
| CD326 (Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) | 199–342 aa/21–37.9 kDa | Cell-surface transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates cell adhesion in epithelia. Plays a role in tumorigenesis and metastasis of carcinomas. It is also frequently called EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule). | Involved in cell signaling, migration, proliferation, differentiation and tumor metastasis. | Breast [60]/Prostate [61]/Lung [62]/Colorectum [63]/Stomach [64]/Liver [65] |
| CD340 (HER2/erbB2, tyrosine kinase cell surface receptor HER2, oncogene ERBB2) | 102–1255 aa/11.5–137.9 kDa | Cell-surface transmembrane glycoprotein that is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. Plays a role in tumorigenesis and metastasis of carcinomas. Frequently called HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2). | Involved in the binding with the ligand-bound epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family members, enhancing kinase-mediated activation of downstream signaling pathways and tumor metastasis. | Breast [66]/Prostate [67]/Lung [68]/Stomach [69]/Liver [70] |
* Data were taken from The Human Protein Atlas; https://www.proteinatlas.org/. ** Most prominent carcinomas in 2018 were taken from the Global Cancer Observatory: https://gco.iarc.fr/.