Table 1.
General data of the eligible studies.
| Reference | Study Type | Country | Participant Characteristics (Study Sample) | Periodontal Status | Measurement of Periodontal Status | Intervention | Diabetes Status | Measurement of Diabetes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Age | Gender | ||||||||
| Gumus, 2009 [66] | CC | Turkey | 65 | 17–73 years old | M and F | 16 patients with type 1 DM (5 M, 11F, age: 17–73), 25 patients with type 2 (11 M, 14F, age: 42–69) and 24 systematically healthy (control group, 10 M, 14 F, age: 22–60), all with PD | plaque-induced inflammatory PD, non-aggressive. PII, PB, gingival recession, CAL, BOP, recorded for 6 sites per tooth. | full-mouth periodontal clinical measurements | type 1 or type 2 | FBS, HbA1C, and diabetes complications |
| Thomas, 2010 [65] | CC | India | 60 | adults | M and F | 3 groups: group 1—20 patients with type 2 DM and PD, group 2—20 healthy patients with PD and group 3—20 healthy patients without PD | CAL measured with a Williams periodontal probe and BOP | examinations | type 2 | RBS, FBS |
| Gokhale, 2013 [63] | RS | India | 120 | 30–60 years old | M and F | 4 groups of 30 patients each group 1: no PD, group 2: chronic gingivitis, group 3: chronic periodontitis, group 4: chronic periodontitis and recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes; randomized subjects of groups 2–4, were grouped to receive SRP with dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid for 2 weeks or only SRP; chronic periodontitis—PPD and assessment of gingival bleeding | PII, SBI for gingivitis, PPDs for chronic periodontitis, gingival bleeding | randomized subjects within groups 2–4, divided to receive either SRP or not | type 2 | CPG, FBS, PPG |
| Amaliya, 2015 [68] | CH | Indonesia | 98 | 39–50 years old | 45 M and 53 F | remote populations deprived of oral health care—natural development of periodontitis; subjects of this population showed a mean of 30% ABL in their dentition, ranging from 19% to 54% |
dental radiographs, ABL, periapical radiologic transparency | examinations | a small number of subjects (70% in prediabetic state and 6% having undiagnosed diabetes) with HbA1c values ≥6.5% | HbA1C |
| Patil, 2016 [67] | CS | India | 100 | adults | M and F | 4 groups: 25 normal healthy controls, 25 gingivitis patients, 25 chronic periodontitis patients, 25 chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes | BOP, SBI, PPD | examinations | type 2 | FBS, PPG |
| Kunsongkeit, 2019 [64] | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial | Thailand | 31 | 43–72 years old | 9 M and 22 F | moderate chronic periodontitis, 2 groups: n = 15 who received periodontal therapy and vitamin C for 2 months and n = 16 who received periodontal therapy and placebo | PII, SBI, gingival index, PPD | full SRP and examinations | type 2 uncontrolled (FBS > 150 mg/dL, HbA1c > 7%) | FBS, HbA1C |
Abbreviations (in alphabetical order): ABL—alveolar bone loss, BOP—bleeding on probing, CAL—clinical attachment level, CC—case-control study, CH—cohort study, CPG—casual plasma glucose, CS—cross-sectional survey, DM—diabetes mellitus, FBS—fasting blood sugar, LS—longitudinal study, PB—probing depth, PII—plaque index, PD—periodontal disease, PPDs—probing pocket depths, PPG—two-hour postprandial glucose, RBS—random blood sugar, ROS—reactive species of oxygen, RS—randomized study, SBI—sulcus bleeding index, SRP—scaling and root planning.