. 2020 Feb 19;12(2):535. doi: 10.3390/nu12020535

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of children and parents participating in the COGNIS project.

		Follow up Four Years Old
Parents characteristics		SF (n = 46)	EF (n = 43)	BF (n = 33)	p ¹
Maternal age (years)		31.00 (24.00–35.00) ^a	31.00 (28.00–34.00) ^a,b	34.00 (31.00–38.00) ^b	0.019
Maternal pBMI (kg/m²)		24.17 (21.05–26.30)	25.15 (22.21–28.48)	24.46 (23.05–25.95)	0.478
Maternal educational level	Primary	6 (13.04%)	9 (20.93%)	1 (3.03%)	0.001
	Secondary	12 (26.09%) ^a,b	13 (30.23%) ^b	2 (6.06%) ^a
	VT	13 (28.26%)	15 (34.88%)	9 (27.27%)
	University	15 (32.61%) ^a	6 (13.95%) ^a	21 (63.64%) ^b
Maternal IQ (points)		104.00 (95.00–112.50) ^a,b	100.00 (89.00–108.00) ^a	111.00 (96.00–117.00) ^b	0.023
Smoking during pregnancy	No	36 (80.00%)	36 (83.72%)	31 (93.94%)	0.220
Smoking during pregnancy	Yes	9 (20.00%)	7 (16.28%)	2 (6.06%)	0.220
GWG (kg)		7.00 (3.50–10.00)	7.00 (4.00–10.00)	6.25 (4.50–8.50)	0.758
Type of delivery	Vaginal	34 (73.91%)	31 (72.09%)	25 (75.76%)	0.937
Type of delivery	Cesarean	12 (26.09%)	12 (27.91%)	8 (24.24%)	0.937
Postpartum Depression	No	35 (76.09%)	34 (80.95%)	28 (84.85%)	0.621
Postpartum Depression	Yes	11 (23.91%)	8 (19.05%)	5 (15.15%)	0.621
Paternal age (years)		32.50 ± 6.69 ^a	33.54 ± 5.56 ^a,b	36.24 ± 4.38 ^b	0.027
Paternal educational level	Primary	11 (25.00%)	16 (39.02%)	6 (18.18%)	0.040
	Secondary	16 (36.36%)^a	9 (21.95%) ^a,b	4 (12.12%) ^b
	VT	8 (18.18%)	9 (21.95%)	10 (30.30%)
	University	9 (20.45%)	7 (17.07%)	13 (39.39%)
Paternal IQ (points)		106.86 ± 12.38	104.29 ± 15.81	106.90 ± 12.93	0.659
Socioeconomic status	Low	9 (19.57%) ^a,b	10 (23.81%) ^b	1 (3.03%) ^a	<0.001
	Middle-Low	22 (47.83%) ^a	25 (59.52%) ^a	6 (18.18%) ^b
	Middle-High	12 (26.09%) ^a,b	4 (9.52%) ^b	17 (51.52%) ^a
	High	3 (6.52%) ^a	3 (7.14%) ^a,b	9 (27.27%) ^b
Place of residence	Urban	20 (44.44%)	11 (26.19%)	8 (24.24%)	0.095
Place of residence	Rural	25 (55.56%)	31 (73.81%)	25 (75.76%)	0.095
Siblings	0	15 (33.33%)	18 (42.86%)	8 (24.24%)	0.238
Siblings	≥1	30 ± 66.67	24 ± 57.14	25 ± 75.76	0.238
Gestational age (weeks)		40.00 (39.00–41.00)	40.00 (39.00–41.00)	40.00 (39.00–41.00)	0.697
Newborn and child characteristics
Birth weight (g)		3402.89 ± 402.49	3418.84 ± 482.08	3374.24 ± 392.58	0.904
Birth length (cm)		51.00 (50.00–52.00)	51.00 (50.00–52.00)	51.00 (50.00–52.00)	0.678
Birth head circumference (cm)		35.00 (34.00–36.00)	34.00 (34.00–35.00)	35.00 (34.00–35.00)	0.155
Children sex	Boy	31 (67.39%) ^a	27 (62.79%) ^a,b	13 (39.39%) ^b	0.034
Children sex	Girl	15 (32.61%) ^a	16 (37.21%) ^a,b	20 (60.61%) ^b	0.034
Children IQ (points)		111.50 (97.00–118.00)	113.00 (103.00–120.00)	115.00 (105.00–121.00)	0.551
Children BMI/Age	Severe thinness	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0.388
	Thinness	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
	Adequate weight	33 (71.74%)	25 (58.14%)	26 (78.79%)
	Risk of overweight	9 (19.57%)	13 (30.23%)	4 (12.12%)
	Overweight	4 (8.70%)	4 (9.30%)	3 (9.09%)
	Obesity	0 (0.00%)	1 (2.33%)	0 (0.00%)
Bilingual		2 (4.30%)	3 (7.00%)	2 (6.10%)	0.890
Speech therapy		5 (10.90%)	1 (2.30%)	1 (3.00%)	0.264

Data are presented as n(%) for categorical data, mean ± SDs for parametrically distributed data, and median (IQR) for nonparametrically distributed data. ¹ p-values for overall differences between COGNIS study groups. p-values were obtained from ANOVA for normally distributed variables, Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test for non-normal continuous variables, and chi-square test for categorical variables. Values not sharing the same suffix (ab) were significantly different in the Bonferroni post hoc test. p-values < 0.05 are highlighted in bold. BF: Breastfed infants; EF: Experimental infant formula; GWG: Gestational weight gain; IQ: Intelligence quotient; pBMI: Pre-conceptional body mass index; SF: Standard infant formula; VT: Vocational training.