Table 3.
Association between infant formulas and PLON-R clinical clusters in children at four years old.
| PLON-R Scales | SF (n = 46) | EF (n = 43) | BF (n = 33) | Chi-Square | P 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Delayed/Need to improve | 13 (28.26) | 9 (20.93) | 4 (12.12) | 2.991 | 0.224 |
| Normal | 33 (71.74) | 34 (79.07) | 29 (87.88) | |||
| Content | Delayed/Need to improve | 37 (80.43) | 32 (74.42) | 20 (60.61) | 2.991 | 0.142 |
| Normal | 9 (19.57) | 11 (25.58) | 13 (39.39) | |||
| Use | Delayed/Need to improve | 28 (60.87) a | 14 (32.56) b | 13 (39.39) a,b | 7.786 | 0.020 |
| Normal | 18 (39.13) a | 29 (67.44) b | 20 (60.61) a,b | |||
| PLON-R Total Score | Delayed/Need to improve | 25 (54.35) a | 19 (44.19) a,b | 8 (24.24) b | 7.188 | 0.027 |
| Normal | 21 (45.65) a | 24 (55.81) a,b | 25 (75.76) b |
Data are presented as n(%). 1 p-values for overall differences between COGNIS study groups. p-values were obtained from the chi-square test for categorical variables. Values not sharing the same suffix (ab) were significantly different in the Bonferroni post hoc test. p-values < 0.05 are highlighted in bold. BF: Breastfed infants; EF: Experimental infant formula; PLON-R: Oral Language Task of Navarra-Revised; SF: Standard infant formula. Categories according to standards PLON-R: Normal (form: ≥ 50; content: ≥ 67; use: ≥ 59; total: ≥ 54) and delayed/need to improve (form: ≤ 36; content: ≤ 47; use: ≤ 39; total: ≤ 45).