Table 1.

A selection of in-vivo studies which utilised photodynamic therapy (PDT) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) therapy.

Reference	Number of Treated Glioblastomas	Photosensitiser				Light		Median Survival Time (Months)
		Trade Name	Agent	Dose	Localisation	Wavelength (nm)	Energy Density (J/cm2)
Perria et al. (1980) [25]	Not defined	Photofrin®	Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD)	5 mg/kg	Cell membrane; mitochondria	628	720–2400	6.9
Povovic et al. (1995) [26]	Newly diagnosed, 38 Recurrent, 40	Photofrin®	Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD)	2–2.5 mg/kg	Cell membrane; mitochondria	628	70–260	Newly diagnosed, 24 Recurrent, 9
Rosenthal et al. (2003) [27]	Newly diagnosed, 7 Recurrent, 9	BOPP	Boronated porphyrin	0.25–8 mg/kg	Various, including mitochondria	630	25–100	Newly diagnosed, 7 Recurrent, 11
Stylli et al. (2005) [28]	Newly diagnosed, 31 Recurrent, 55	Photofrin®	Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD)	5 mg/kg	Cell membrane; mitochondria	628	70–240	14.3
Muller and Wilson, (2006) [29]	Newly diagnosed, 12 Recurrent, 37	Photofrin®	Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD)	2 mg/kg	Cell membrane; mitochondria	630	Mean, 58 Maximum, 150	7.6
Kostron et al. (2006) [30]	Recurrent, 26	Foscan®	mTHPC metatetrahydroxyphenylchlorin	0.15 mg/kg	Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria	630	20	Recurrent, 8.5
Stepp H. et al. (2007) [31]	Newly diagnosed, 20	Levulan	5-ALA	20 mg/kg	mitochondria	633	200 mW/cm2	Newly diagnosed, 15.2
Beck T.J. et al., (2007) [32]	Recurrent GBM, 10	Levulan	5-ALA	20 mg/kg	mitochondria	633	Total 4320–11,520 J (200 mW/cm)	15
Eljamel (2008) [33]	Newly diagnosed, 13	Photofrin®	Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) 5-ALA	2 mg/kg	Cell membrane; mitochondria	630	100 × 5 sessions	Newly diagnosed, Mean survival 52.8 weeks
Kaneko et al., (2008) [34]	Total, 35	Photofrin®	Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD)	2 mg/m2	Cell membrane; mitochondria	630	180	Total, 20.5
Akimoto et al. (2012) [35]	Newly diagnosed, 4 Recurrent, 6	Laserphyrin®	Talaporfin sodium	40 mg/m2	-	664	27	Newly diagnosed, 31 Reccurent, 9
Lyons M. et al. (2012) [36]	Total, 73	Photofrin®	Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD)	2 mg/kg	Cell membrane; mitochondria	630	100	Mean survival 62.9 weeks
		Levulan	5-ALA
Johansson et al. (2013) [37]	Total, 5	Levulan	5-ALA	20–30 mg/kg	Cell membrane; mitochondria	630	720	-
Muragaki et al. (2013) [38]	Newly diagnosed, 13	Laserphyrin®	Talaporfin sodium	40 mg/m2	-	664	27	Newly diagnosed, 24.8

5-ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid.