Fig. 4.

Involvement of the insulin/TOR signaling pathway in growth rate regulation by temperature in Modicogryllus siamensis. (A) Expression patterns of Ms’Ilp (a), Ms’Inr (b), and Ms’Tor (c) mRNA levels during nymphal development under long-day (LD, 16L:8D, circles) and short-day (SD, 12L:12D, squares) conditions at 25 °C (blue) and 30 °C (orange). Different letters indicate that values are significantly different from each other at the same stage (Tukey test, P < 0.05). Colored letters indicate the category of the value labeled with the same color symbol. Black letters indicate that values closely located are in the same category. (B) Suppression of the growth rate by Ms’Inr^nRNAi under LD and SD at 30 °C. Under both LD and SD, Ms’Inr^nRNAi-treated crickets (brown column) showed less of an increase in body weight compared with that of DsRed2^nRNAi-treated controls (gray column). **P < 0.01, t test. Error bars in A and B indicate SEM. (C) Adult emergence was delayed by Ms’Inr^nRNAi treatment. Brown and gray symbols indicate Ms’Inr^nRNAi-treated and DsRed2^nRNAi-treated crickets, respectively. Circles and squares indicate results under LD and SD, respectively. (D) Molt numbers of Ms’Inr^nRNAi-treated and DsRed2^nRNAi-treated crickets. Under LD, Ms’Inr^nRNAi significantly increased the ratio of crickets with 8 molts (U test, P < 0.01) but never induced a ninth or later molt. No significant changes were induced under SD (U test, P > 0.18).