Table 2.
Fat free mass indices and leg explosive power by quintile of nutrient intake in 2570 females aged 18–79 yearsa
| Intakeb | FFM (%) | FFM/BMI | FFMI (kg/mb) | LEPc (w/kg) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | |||||
| Q1 | 68.8 ± 16.4 | 60.4 (59.8,60.9) | 1.60 (1.58,1.62) | 14.8 (14.7,15.0) | 85.2 (81.8,88.6) |
| Q2 | 108 ± 9.43 | 60.9 (60.4,61.4) | 1.61 (1.59,1.63) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 90.8 (87.2,94.4) |
| Q3 | 141 ± 10.1 | 61.1 (60.6,61.6) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.0 (14.9,15.1) | 90.1 (86.4,93.8) |
| Q4 | 181 ± 13.8 | 61.3 (60.8,61.8) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.1 (14.9,15.2) | 92.0 (88.2,95.9) |
| Q5 | 276 ± 80.3 | 61.8 (61.3,62.3) | 1.63 (1.61,1.65) | 15.2 (15.1,15.3) | 96.1 (92.3,99.9) |
| P-trend | – | < 0.01 | 0.02 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Q5-Q1% | – | 2.36 | 1.99 | 2.40 | 12.79 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | |||||
| Q1 | 5.90 ± 1.16 | 60.3 (59.7,60.9) | 1.58 (1.56,1.61) | 14.9 (14.8,15.1) | 89.2 (84.8,93.6) |
| Q2 | 8.59 ± 0.63 | 60.7 (60.2,61.2) | 1.60 (1.58,1.62) | 15.1 (14.9,15.2) | 90.6 (86.9,94.3) |
| Q3 | 10.7 ± 0.64 | 61.3 (60.8,61.8) | 1.63 (1.61,1.65) | 15.1 (14.9,15.2) | 91.9 (88.1,95.8) |
| Q4 | 13.3 ± 0.81 | 61.2 (60.7,61.8) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 90.9 (87.3,94.5) |
| Q5 | 18.3 ± 3.39 | 61.9 (61.2,62.5) | 1.64 (1.62,1.66) | 15.0 (14.8,15.2) | 91.6 (87.1,96.2) |
| P-trend | – | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.70 | 0.54 |
| Q5-Q1% | – | 2.60 | 3.54 | 0.42 | 2.77 |
| Total carotene (µg/d) | |||||
| Q1 | 1342 ± 377 | 60.8 (60.3,61.3) | 1.61 (1.59,1.63) | 14.9 (14.7,15.0) | 85.6 (81.8,89.3) |
| Q2 | 2379 ± 320 | 60.9 (60.4,61.4) | 1.61 (1.59,1.63) | 15.0 (14.9,15.1) | 91.2 (87.7,94.8) |
| Q3 | 3223 ± 189 | 60.8 (60.3,61.3) | 1.61 (1.59,1.63) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 90.8 (87.0,94.5) |
| Q4 | 3991 ± 321 | 61.6 (61.1,62.1) | 1.63 (1.61,1.65) | 15.1 (15.0,15.3) | 94.8 (91.1,98.4) |
| Q5 | 6303 ± 2107 | 61.4 (60.9,62.0) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.1 (14.9,15.2) | 91.9 (88.2,95.7) |
| P-trend | – | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Q5-Q1% | – | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.44 | 7.45 |
| α-Carotene (µg/d) | |||||
| Q1 | 131 ± 62.8 | 61.1 (60.6,61.7) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 14.9 (14.8,15.0) | 88.1 (84.6,91.7) |
| Q2 | 265 ± 88.2 | 61.1 (60.6,61.6) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.0 (14.9,15.1) | 90.8 (86.9,94.8) |
| Q3 | 605 ± 9.02 | 60.8 (60.3,61.2) | 1.60 (1.58,1.62) | 15.1 (14.9,15.2) | 91.8 (88.3,95.3) |
| Q4 | 638 ± 11.7 | 61.0 (60.5,61.6) | 1.62 (1.59,1.64) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 92.8 (89.2,96.5) |
| Q5 | 1158 ± 467 | 61.4 (60.9,62.0) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.1 (15.0,15.3) | 90.7 (86.9,94.4) |
| P-trend | – | 0.62 | 0.94 | 0.03 | 0.24 |
| Q5-Q1% | – | − 0.46 | − 0.02 | − 1.61 | 2.85 |
| β-Carotene (µg/d) | |||||
| Q1 | 1194 ± 344 | 60.7 (60.2,61.2) | 1.60 (1.58,1.63) | 14.9 (14.7,15.0) | 85.6 (81.8,89.4) |
| Q2 | 2139 ± 272 | 61.0 (60.6,61.5) | 1.61 (1.60,1.63) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 91.4 (87.8,94.9) |
| Q3 | 2861 ± 175 | 60.9 (60.4,61.4) | 1.61 (1.59,1.63) | 15.0 (14.9,15.1) | 90.1 (86.4,93.8) |
| Q4 | 3589 ± 294 | 61.4 (60.9,61.9) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.1 (15.0,15.3) | 95.3 (91.6,98.9) |
| Q5 | 5673 ± 1911 | 61.4 (60.9,62.0) | 1.62 (1.60,1.65) | 15.1 (14.9,15.2) | 91.9 (88.2,95.7) |
| P-trend | – | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Q5-Q1% | – | 1.20 | 1.23 | 1.50 | 7.38 |
| Retinol (µg/d) | |||||
| Q1 | 137 ± 43.1 | 61.2 (60.7,61.8) | 1.61 (1.59,1.63) | 15.1 (14.9,15.3) | 92.1 (88.1,96.2) |
| Q2 | 245 ± 25.1 | 60.8 (60.3,61.3) | 1.60 (1.58,1.62) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 90.7 (87.0,94.5) |
| Q3 | 347 ± 36.6 | 61.0 (60.5,61.5) | 1.61 (1.59,1.63) | 15.0 (14.8,15.1) | 89.7 (86.2,93.2) |
| Q4 | 639 ± 187 | 61.4 (60.8,61.9) | 1.63 (1.60,1.65) | 15.1 (15.0,15.3) | 90.8 (87.2,94.3) |
| Q5 | 1426 ± 1412 | 61.0 (60.5,61.6) | 1.62 (1.61,1.64) | 14.9 (14.8,15.1) | 91.0 (87.0,95.0) |
| P-trend | – | 0.85 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.78 |
| Q5-Q1% | − 0.36 | 0.91 | − 1.30 | − 1.24 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin (µg/d) | |||||
| Q1 | 38.3 ± 16.8 | 60.7 (60.2,61.2) | 1.60 (1.58,1.62) | 14.9 (14.8,15.0) | 87.7 (84.0,91.4) |
| Q2 | 82.9 ± 12.1 | 61.0 (60.5,61.5) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.0 (14.8,15.1) | 89.1 (85.6,92.5) |
| Q3 | 146 ± 25.2 | 61.0 (60.5,61.4) | 1.61 (1.59,1.63) | 15.1 (15.0,15.2) | 90.6 (87.1,94.1) |
| Q4 | 234 ± 36.4 | 61.5 (61.0,62.0) | 1.63 (1.61,1.65) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 93.7 (90.2,97.3) |
| Q5 | 499 ± 230 | 61.4 (60.8,61.9) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.1 (15.0,15.3) | 93.2 (89.4,97.0) |
| P-trend | – | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.03 | < 0.01 |
| Q5-Q1% | – | 1.09 | 0.87 | 1.50 | 6.30 |
| Lycopene (µg/d) | |||||
| Q1 | 412 ± 168 | 61.0 (60.4,61.5) | 1.61 (1.59,1.63) | 15.0 (14.8,15.1) | 87.2 (83.7,90.7) |
| Q2 | 821 ± 99.2 | 61.3 (60.8,61.8) | 1.63 (1.61,1.65) | 15.0 (14.8,15.1) | 91.5 (87.4,95.5) |
| Q3 | 1161 ± 100 | 61.4 (60.9,61.8) | 1.63 (1.61,1.65) | 15.0 (14.9,15.1) | 93.3 (89.6,97.1) |
| Q4 | 1573 ± 154 | 61.2 (60.7,61.6) | 1.62 (1.60,1.63) | 15.1 (14.9,15.2) | 89.8 (86.2,93.4) |
| Q5 | 2771 ± 1121 | 60.6 (60.1,61.2) | 1.59 (1.57,1.61) | 15.1 (15.0,15.3) | 92.5 (88.5,96.5) |
| P-trend | – | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.18 |
| Q5-Q1% | – | − 0.58 | − 1.57 | 1.29 | 6.05 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin (µg/d) | |||||
| Q1 | 835 ± 261 | 60.5 (60.0,61.1) | 1.59 (1.57,1.61) | 15.0 (14.8,15.1) | 88.4 (84.6,92.2) |
| Q2 | 1462 ± 153 | 60.6 (60.2,61.1) | 1.60 (1.58,1.62) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 87.7 (84.4,91.0) |
| Q3 | 1970 ± 152 | 61.1 (60.6,61.6) | 1.62 (1.60,1.64) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 90.3 (86.8,93.8) |
| Q4 | 2602 ± 216 | 61.3 (60.8,61.9) | 1.62 (1.61,1.64) | 15.1 (14.9,15.2) | 93.1 (89.4,96.8) |
| Q5 | 4464 ± 1744 | 61.9 (61.3,62.4) | 1.64 (1.62,1.66) | 15.0 (14.9,15.2) | 94.8 (91.0,98.6) |
| P-trend | – | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.37 | < 0.01 |
| Q5-Q1% | – | 2.27 | 3.15 | 0.52 | 7.23 |
FFM fat-free mass, FFMI Fat Free Mass Index and LEP leg explosive power
aValues are adjusted means (least square means) ± SE, n = 2570. Means were adjusted for age, physical activity, smoking status, energy intake, protein intake and underreporting and Fat Free Mass Index was additionally adjusted for fat mass. Participant numbers by quintile were Q1 = 514; Q2 = 514; Q3 = 514; Q4 = 514; Q5 = 514
bIntake values are unadjusted means ± SD
cValues are mean (least square means) ± SE, n = 1914. Means were adjusted for age, physical activity, smoking status, energy intake, protein intake, underreporting, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy and height. Participant numbers by quintile were Q1 = 383; Q2 = 383; Q3 = 383; Q4 = 383; Q5 = 382