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. 2020 Mar 15;7:36. doi: 10.1038/s41438-020-0258-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Summarization of current applications of CRISPR/Cas-mediated cis-engineering in plants. b A continuum of phenotypic variation can be achieved by multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 promoter targeting and sensitized genetic screen. c Disruption of CREs with genome editing can generate gain-of-function and reduced or loss-of-function alleles. d HDR-mediated promoter insertion/swapping conferring higher gene expression resulting in desirable traits. LOB1, LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES 1; YUC3, YUCCA3; ARGOS8, Auxin-Regulated Gene Involved in Organ Size 8; ANT1, Anthocyanin 1; WUS, WUSCHEL; CLV3, CLAVATA3; S, COMPOUND INFLORESCENCE; SP, SELF PRUNING; SWEET, SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTERS; EPSPS, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; TALe, Transcription-activator-like effector; EBE, Effector-binding element; CRE, Cis-regulatory element; PRO, promoter.