Table 3.

Application of nanomaterials for the detection of pesticide residues

Pesticide/herbicide	Sensing material	Type of sensor	References
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy acetic acid	Poly-O-toluidine zirconium (IV) phosphate nanocomposite	Electrochemical	Khan and Akhtar (2011)
Fenitrothion in water samples	Nano-TiO2/nafion composite	Electrochemical	Kumaravel and Chandrasekaran (2011)
Melamine in milk samples	18-crown-6 ether functionalized Au nanoparticles	Optical	Kuang et al. (2011)
Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in cabbage	Amino-functionalized nanocomposite with tetraethylenepentamine	Chromatography	Zhao et al. (2011)
Methyl parathion in water samples	Nano-ZrO2/graphite/paraffin	Electrochemical	Parham and Rahbar (2010)
Methyl parathion in vegetables (cabbage, spinach, lettuce)	Nano-Au/nafion composite	Electrochemical	Kang et al. (2010)
Methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos	Nano-sized polyaniline matrix with SWCNT, single-stranded DNA and enzyme	Electrochemical	Viswanathan et al. (2009)
Fenamithion and acetamiprid in water samples	Cd-tellurium quantum dots with p-sulfonatocalix(4)arene	Luminescence	Qu et al. (2009)
Parathion in water samples	Nano-ZrO2/Au composite	Electrochemical	Wang and Li (2008)
Dichlorvos and paraoxon in drinking water samples	Acetylcholinesterase and pyranine immobilized on nano-sized liposomes	Optical nanobiosensor	Vamvakaki and Chaniotakis (2007)
Parathion in vegetables	Nano-TiO2 on the glassy carbon electrode	Electrochemical	Li et al. (2006)
Pirimicarb in vegetables	Molecular imprinted nanopolymers	Piezoelectric	Sun and Fung (2006)