Table 1.
No. | Cultivars | Specific origins | Harvest time | Storage (years) | Similarity | Average similarity | Contents of five flavonoids (mg/g, n = 3)a,b | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||
S1 | C. reticulata “Chachi” from the Xinhui region | Luokeng, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.10.16 | 4 | 0.992 | 0.994 | 32.24 ± 0.01 | 3.52 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 2.43 ± 0.00 | 0.26 ± 0.00 |
S2 | Yinhuwan, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.10.14 | 4 | 0.999 | 29.62 ± 0.02 | 3.72 ± 0.00 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | 2.39 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | ||
S3 | Sanjiang, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.11.18 | 4 | 0.998 | 27.59 ± 0.05 | 3.27 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.00 | 2.14 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | ||
S4 | Xiaogang, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.10.24 | 4 | 0.994 | 28.67 ± 0.01 | 4.31 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.00 | 2.82 ± 0.00 | 0.26 ± 0.00 | ||
S5 | Tianlu, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.11.22 | 4 | 0.995 | 38.15 ± 0.02 | 3.82 ± 0.00 | 0.39 ± 0.00 | 2.41 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | ||
S6 | Yanan, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.10.01 | 4 | 0.993 | 38.51 ± 0.03 | 5.03 ± 0.00 | 0.44 ± 0.00 | 3.14 ± 0.00 | 0.47 ± 0.00 | ||
S7 | Siqian, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.11.22 | 4 | 0.996 | 26.72 ± 0.03 | 2.63 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 1.73 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | ||
S8 | Shenlv, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2015.10.11 | 3 | 0.991 | 18.14 ± 0.00 | 2.84 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 1.76 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | ||
S9 | Shuangshui, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.11.02 | 4 | 0.992 | 21.38 ± 0.01 | 3.56 ± 0.00 | 0.37 ± 0.00 | 2.18 ± 0.00 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | ||
S10 | Chakeng, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.11.25 | 4 | 0.997 | 30.27 ± 0.02 | 2.27 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 1.67 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | ||
S11 | Nantan, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.10.20 | 4 | 0.991 | 30.10 ± 0.01 | 3.92 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 3.18 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.00 | ||
S12 | Qibao, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.11.16 | 4 | 0.993 | 24.33 ± 0.01 | 2.90 ± 0.00 | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 2.16 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | ||
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S13 | C. reticulata “Chachi” from other regions | Kaiping, Jiangmen, Guangdong | 2014.09.26 | 4 | 0.974 | 0.974 | 43.09 ± 0.03 | 4.45 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 3.10 ± 0.00 | 0.36 ± 0.00 |
S14 | Heshan, Jiangmen, Guangdong | 2014.11.17 | 4 | 0.991 | 33.75 ± 0.03 | 3.30 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 2.70 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.00 | ||
S15 | Gaoyao, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.10.21 | 4 | 0.975 | 28.56 ± 0.01 | 2.93 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 2.75 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.00 | ||
S16 | Gaoyao, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.11.23 | 4 | 0.968 | 57.51 ± 0.02 | 2.67 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 2.66 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.00 | ||
S17 | Wengyuanbazi, Shaoguan, Guangdong | 2014.11.20 | 4 | 0.971 | 34.69 ± 0.01 | 3.86 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.00 | 2.78 ± 0.00 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | ||
S18 | Longmen, Huizhou, Guangdong | 2014.10.15 | 4 | 0.977 | 39.32 ± 0.01 | 2.91 ± 0.00 | 0.31 ± 0.00 | 2.40 ± 0.00 | 0.31 ± 0.00 | ||
S19 | Longcheng, Huizhou, Guangdong | 2014.10.18 | 4 | 0.979 | 36.47 ± 0.00 | 3.65 ± 0.00 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | 2.93 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | ||
S20 | Xinxing, Yunfu, Guangdong | 2014.11.06 | 4 | 0.969 | 29.42 ± 0.04 | 4.57 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.00 | 3.58 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.00 | ||
S21 | Cangwu, Wuzhou, Guangxi | 2014.10.17 | 4 | 0.963 | 36.33 ± 0.10 | 5.25 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.00 | 3.98 ± 0.01 | 0.36 ± 0.00 | ||
S22 | Lingshan, Qinzhou, Guangxi | 2014.11.19 | 4 | 0.975 | 41.14 ± 0.00 | 4.07 ± 0.00 | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 3.16 ± 0.00 | 0.41 ± 0.00 | ||
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S23 | C. reticulata “Subcompressa” | Huangyan, Taizhou, Zhejiang | 2014.12.10 | 4 | 0.924 | 0.885 | 40.63 ± 0.00 | 2.77 ± 0.00 | 0.48 ± 0.00 | 2.15 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.00 |
S24 | Huangyan, Taizhou, Zhejiang | 2014.11.20 | 4 | 0.846 | 53.07 ± 0.02 | 2.07 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 1.86 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | ||
S25 | C. reticulata “Wuyueju” | Sihui, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.12.24 | 4 | 0.938 | 0.941 | 24.98 ± 0.02 | 3.54 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 1.38 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 |
S26 | Deqing, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.12.25 | 4 | 0.941 | 33.49 ± 0.01 | 4.44 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 1.73 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | ||
S27 | Sihui, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.12.25 | 4 | 0.943 | 33.13 ± 0.00 | 4.22 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 1.68 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | ||
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S28 | C. reticulata “Tankan” | Chenghai, Shantou, Guangdong | 2015.02.18 | 3 | 0.873 | 0.871 | 17.81 ± 0.01 | 4.19 ± 0.00 | 1.07 ± 0.00 | 0.68 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.00 |
S29 | Zhaoan, Zhangzhou, Fujian | 2015.02.20 | 3 | 0.876 | 21.91 ± 0.00 | 5.55 ± 0.00 | 1.38 ± 0.00 | 1.03 ± 0.00 | 0.32 ± 0.00 | ||
S30 | Puning, Jieyang, Guangdong | 2015.08.15 | 3 | 0.866 | 21.48 ± 0.01 | 5.13 ± 0.00 | 1.15 ± 0.00 | 0.84 ± 0.00 | 0.31 ± 0.00 | ||
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S31 | C. reticulata “Biangan” | Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi | 2014.12.23 | 4 | 0.765 | 0.765 | 47.57 ± 0.00 | 1.76 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.00 | 0.69 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 |
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S32 | C. reticulata “Nianju” | Longmen, Huizhou, Guangdong | 2015.03.01 | 3 | 0.935 | 0.935 | 52.46 ± 0.01 | 5.54 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 2.21 ± 0.00 | 0.46 ± 0.00 |
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S33 | C. reticulata “Yichangju” | Zhijiang, Yichang, Hubei | 2015.11.26 | 3 | 0.492 | 0.518 | 53.29 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.66 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
S34 | Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei | 2014.12.01 | 4 | 0.525 | 56.59 ± 0.08 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 0.47 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ||
S35 | Yiling, Yichang, Hubei | 2014.10.24 | 4 | 0.556 | 76.49 ± 0.06 | 0.62 ± 0.00 | 0.39 ± 0.00 | 0.41 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | ||
S36 | Yiling, Yichang, Hubei | 2014.10.24 | 4 | 0.493 | 70.20 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | 0.55 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ||
S37 | Dianjun, Yichang, Hubei | 2014.11.27 | 4 | 0.525 | 53.08 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 0.59 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | ||
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S38 | C. reticulata “Dahongpao” | Chuanshan, Suining, Sichuan | 2014.11.16 | 4 | 0.934 | 0.940 | 54.25 ± 0.02 | 6.64 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 2.36 ± 0.00 | 0.46 ± 0.00 |
S39 | Shuangliu, Chengdu, Sichuan | 2014.12.31 | 4 | 0.949 | 43.91 ± 0.09 | 5.32 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 2.48 ± 0.00 | 0.43 ± 0.00 | ||
S40 | Fengjie, Chongqing, Sichuan | 2014.12.17 | 4 | 0.929 | 70.68 ± 0.03 | 6.16 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 2.72 ± 0.00 | 0.45 ± 0.00 | ||
S41 | Kai, Chongqing, Sichuan | 2015.11.26 | 3 | 0.948 | 49.76 ± 0.02 | 6.79 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 0.52 ± 0.00 | ||
S42 | Anyue, Ziyang, Sichuan | 2015.11.26 | 3 | 0.940 | 45.40 ± 0.03 | 6.90 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 2.62 ± 0.00 | 0.51 ± 0.00 | ||
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S43 | C. reticulata “Shiyueju” | Gaoyao, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.12.25 | 4 | 0.958 | 0.962 | 54.18 ± 0.02 | 5.55 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 4.29 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 |
S44 | Gaoyao, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.12.24 | 4 | 0.962 | 42.86 ± 0.04 | 5.45 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.36 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | ||
S45 | Lipu, Guilin, Guangxi | 2014.12.26 | 4 | 0.963 | 43.54 ± 0.00 | 5.23 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.05 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | ||
S46 | Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi | 2014.12.24 | 4 | 0.957 | 40.48 ± 0.01 | 4.12 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 3.50 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | ||
S47 | Yingde, Qingyuan, Guangdong | 2014.12.28 | 4 | 0.96 | 50.18 ± 0.01 | 5.39 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 3.69 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | ||
S48 | Yingde, Qingyuan, Guangdong | 2014.12.25 | 4 | 0.965 | 38.74 ± 0.00 | 4.77 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 3.68 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | ||
S49 | Zengcheng, Guangzhou, Guangdong | 2014.12.25 | 4 | 0.967 | 40.40 ± 0.01 | 5.54 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 3.73 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | ||
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S50 | C. reticulata “Unshiu” | Daxiang, Shaoyang, Hunan | 2014.10.28 | 4 | 0.473 | 0.558 | 65.73 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.49 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
S51 | Shigu, Hengyang, Hunan | 2014.10.30 | 4 | 0.540 | 61.06 ± 0.05 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | 0.60 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | ||
S52 | Zhangshu, Yichun, Jiangxi | 2014.10.26 | 4 | 0.657 | 56.94 ± 0.05 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | 0.47 ± 0.00 | 0.69 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | ||
S53 | Lingui, Guilin, Guangxi | 2014.11.28 | 4 | 0.563 | 57.07 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.69 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | ||
S54 | C. reticulata “Xunwuju” | Sanbiao, Xunwu, Jiangxi | 2014.11.01 | 4 | 0.485 | 0.489 | 71.18 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.51 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 |
S55 | Shuiyuan, Xunwu, Jiangx | 2014.11.01 | 4 | 0.480 | 61.02 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.36 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ||
S56 | Luoshan, Xunwu, Jiangxi | 2014.11.01 | 4 | 0.501 | 64.51 ± 0.09 | 0.32 ± 0.00 | 0.92 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | ||
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S57 | C. reticulata “Suavissima” | Pingyang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang | 2014.11.01 | 4 | 0.945 | 0.942 | 75.54 ± 0.03 | 9.48 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 7.35 ± 0.02 | 1.97 ± 0.01 |
S58 | Lucheng, Wenzhou, Zhejiang | 2014.12.28 | 4 | 0.942 | 50.53 ± 0.03 | 7.30 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 5.22 ± 0.01 | 1.33 ± 0.00 | ||
S59 | Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang | 2014.12.01 | 4 | 0.939 | 60.55 ± 0.02 | 7.25 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 5.84 ± 0.00 | 1.32 ± 0.00 | ||
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S60 | C. reticulata “Qingjiangju” | Qingjiang, Zixing, Hunan | 2014.11.30 | 4 | 0.485 | 0.504 | 77.43 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.41 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
S61 | Qingjiang, Zixing, Hunan | 2014.10.28 | 4 | 0.506 | 67.26 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.43 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ||
S62 | Sishui, Zixing, Hunan | 2014.10.28 | 4 | 0.521 | 75.31 ± 0.03 | 0.27 ± 0.00 | 0.69 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ||
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S63 | C. reticulata “Tribute” | Deqing, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.11.16 | 4 | 0.945 | 0.949 | 48.52 ± 0.01 | 5.59 ± 0.00 | 0.46 ± 0.00 | 3.95 ± 0.00 | 1.18 ± 0.00 |
S64 | Deqing, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.11.04 | 4 | 0.953 | 43.90 ± 0.01 | 5.65 ± 0.00 | 0.45 ± 0.00 | 4.10 ± 0.00 | 1.15 ± 0.00 | ||
S65 | Deqing, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.11.30 | 4 | 0.949 | 26.97 ± 0.00 | 4.46 ± 0.00 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | 2.89 ± 0.00 | 0.88 ± 0.00 | ||
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S66 | C. reticulata “Kinokuni” | Nanfeng, Fuzhou, Jiangxi | 2014.10.24 | 4 | 0.951 | 0.953 | 46.90 ± 0.01 | 6.02 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 3.22 ± 0.00 | 0.78 ± 0.00 |
S67 | Nanfeng, Fuzhou, Jiangxi | 2014.11.20 | 4 | 0.953 | 54.85 ± 0.01 | 9.29 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.00 | 5.06 ± 0.00 | 1.01 ± 0.00 | ||
S68 | Ningdu, Ganzhou, Jiangxi | 2014.11.28 | 4 | 0.945 | 51.61 ± 0.00 | 6.40 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 4.42 ± 0.00 | 0.73 ± 0.00 | ||
S69 | Nanfeng, Fuzhou, Jiangxi | 2014.10.26 | 4 | 0.956 | 46.97 ± 0.01 | 7.05 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 3.58 ± 0.00 | 0.66 ± 0.00 | ||
S70 | Ningdu, Ganzhou, Jiangxi | 2014.12.03 | 4 | 0.961 | 51.73 ± 0.01 | 6.40 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 4.44 ± 0.00 | 0.74 ± 0.00 | ||
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S71 | C. reticulata “Erythrosa” | Mengquan, Shimen, Hunan | 2014.10.29 | 4 | 0.571 | 0.539 | 80.52 ± 0.10 | 0.62 ± 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.33 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 |
S72 | Chujiang, Shimen, Hunan | 2014.10.28 | 4 | 0.512 | 65.63 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.36 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ||
S73 | Zaoshi, Shimen, Hunan | 2014.10.29 | 4 | 0.567 | 47.05 ± 0.0 | 0.36 ± 0.00 | 0.77 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ||
S74 | Xinguan, Shimen, Hunan | 2015.10.21 | 3 | 0.507 | 55.50 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.37 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ||
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S75 | C. reticulata “Bayueju” | Dongbei, Lianzhou, Guangdong | 2014.11.29 | 4 | 0.941 | 0.945 | 41.15 ± 0.02 | 6.53 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 5.28 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.00 |
S76 | Dongbei, Lianzhou, Guangdong | 2014.11.23 | 4 | 0.943 | 38.62 ± 0.01 | 4.99 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 4.33 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.00 | ||
S77 | Lipu, Guilin, Guangxi | 2014.10.28 | 4 | 0.950 | 41.50 ± 0.03 | 5.34 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 3.24 ± 0.00 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | ||
S78 | Sihui, Zhaoqing, Guangdong | 2014.10.29 | 4 | 0.947 | 46.37 ± 0.01 | 7.13 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 5.13 ± 0.00 | 0.46 ± 0.00 | ||
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S79 | C. reticulata “Tangerina” | Minhou, Fuzhou, Fujian | 2013.01.08 | 5 | 0.937 | 0.943 | 45.35 ± 0.02 | 4.29 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 2.06 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 |
S80 | Fuqing, Fuzhou, Fujian | 2015.12.30 | 3 | 0.949 | 43.92 ± 0.02 | 6.69 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 3.17 ± 0.00 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | ||
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S81 | C. reticulata “Yangshanju” | Chenxi, Wuzhou, Guangxi | 2014.11.20 | 4 | 0.953 | 0.950 | 43.44 ± 0.02 | 4.38 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 2.62 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.00 |
S82 | Yanan, Xinhui, Guangdong | 2014.10.28 | 4 | 0.946 | 42.16 ± 0.02 | 7.65 ± 0.00 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | 3.74 ± 0.00 | 0.47 ± 0.00 | ||
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S83 | C. reticulata “Linhaiju” | Yongquan, Linhai, Zhejiang | 2014.10.27 | 4 | 0.494 | 0.499 | 70.18 ± 0.06 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
S84 | Yongquan, Linhai, Zhejiang | 2014.10.29 | 4 | 0.503 | 62.52 ± 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.33 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | ||
S85 | C. reticulata “Ponkan” | Pinghe, Zhangzhou, Fujian | 2015.02.23 | 3 | 0.946 | 0.957 | 49.34 ± 0.04 | 6.05 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 4.46 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.00 |
S86 | Kecheng, Quzhou, Zhejiang | 2015.02.17 | 3 | 0.967 | 54.22 ± 0.01 | 6.70 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.19 ± 0.00 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | ||
S87 | Yongchun, Quanzhou, Fujian | 2015.02.10 | 3 | 0.959 | 49.07 ± 0.02 | 5.46 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 4.27 ± 0.00 | 0.90 ± 0.00 | ||
S88 | Dangyang, Yichang, Hubei | 2015.02.15 | 3 | 0.954 | 49.23 ± 0.01 | 5.41 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 3.65 ± 0.00 | 0.96 ± 0.00 |
a1–5 denote the components of hesperidin, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone, tangeretin, and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8, 3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone, respectively. bThe content values of five flavonoids are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD).