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. 2020 Feb 29;2020:8010923. doi: 10.1155/2020/8010923

Table 3.

Bivariate analysis of sleep duration with sample variables, NHANES, 2015-2016, n = 2889.

Not recommended sleep duration for specific age1 May be appropriate sleep duration for specific age1 P value
Number Weighted percent Number Weighted percent
Electronic cigarette use <0.0001
 Current 41 13.9 150 6.3
 Former 67 17.3 390 18.0
 Never 276 68.8 1965 75.7
Cigarette use <0.0001
 Current use 132 35.5 494 20.1
 Former use 56 16.5 424 19.8
 Never use 196 48.0 1587 60.0
Dual use3 <0.0001
 Current Cell size suppressed4 10.8 87 3.9
 Former Cell size suppressed 2.8 85 4.3
 Never Cell size suppressed 86.4 2333 91.8
Sex 0.3620
 Female 196 48.7 1300 51.0
 Male 188 51.4 1205 49.0
Age in years 0.0009
 18-25 48 11.0 515 18.7
 26-44 152 41.3 988 39.7
 45-65 184 47.7 1002 41.5
Race/ethnicity <0.0001
 Non-Hispanic white 82 45.2 750 61.6
 Non-Hispanic black 138 25.7 531 11.3
 Mexican American 114 19.7 790 17.0
 Other 50 9.4 434 10.2
Education <0.0001
 High school/less 225 57.8 1158 35.3
 More than high school 159 42.2 1347 64.7
Federal poverty level <0.0001
 ≤200% 251 61.1 1274 37.2
 >200% 133 38.9 1231 62.8
Health insurance 0.0328
 Yes 286 78.4 1946 83.1
 No 98 21.6 558 16.9
Body mass index 0.0910
 Under/normal 167 44.2 982 39.6
 Over/obese 209 55.8 1498 60.4
Alcohol use <0.0001
 No 116 26.9 732 22.2
 Moderate 90 23.5 780 38.0
 Heavy 111 33.9 609 26.5
 Missing 67 15.7 384 13.4
Chronic disease1, 2 <0.0001
 Yes 176 46.8 743 28.5
 No 208 53.2 1762 71.5
Sleepiness <0.0001
 0-1/month 122 25.8 1075 39.1
 2-4/month 116 33.9 814 34.2
 ≥5/month 146 40.3 616 26.7

Abbreviations: wt: weighted; HS: high school. 1Based upon National Sleep Foundation (https://www.sleepfoundation.org/press-releasenational-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times). 2Chronic disease = positive response to having arthritis, cardiovascular disease, depression, emphysema, or diabetes. 3Dual use current = smoking cigarettes and using electronic cigarettes over the previous 30 days; former dual use = reporting having smoked >100 lifetime cigarettes and having ever used electronic cigarettes; never = reporting never having smoked >100 cigarettes and reporting never having tried electronic cigarettes. 4Numerical entries into the cell categories are suppressed for participant confidentiality.