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. 2020 Feb 11;9(2):414. doi: 10.3390/cells9020414

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Concentration-dependent effects of acute administration of CLZ (clozapine) on basal and K+-evoked astroglial releases of l-glutamate (A) and d-serine (B). After wash-out, astrocytes were incubated in 100 μL ACSF (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) containing CLZ (0, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 100 μM) for 60 min (pretreatment incubation). After pretreatment incubation, to determine the K+-evoked astroglial releases of L-glutamate and D-serine, astrocytes were incubated in ACSF (3.0 mM K+: opened circles), MK-ACSF (50.0 mM K+: closed circles) or HK-ACSF (100.0 mM K+: blue circles) containing the same concentration of CLZ of pretreatment incubation for 20 min. To clarify the astroglial releases of L-glutamate and D-serine associated with Cxs (connexin (Cx) composed transmembrane channels), astrocytes were incubated in HK-ACSF containing GAP19 (TAT-conjugated Gap19, 20 μM) (green circles) or CBX (carbenoxolone, 100 μM) (red circles) with the same concentration of CLZ during pretreatment incubation for 20 min, and then incubation medium (ACSF, MK-ACSF or HK-ACSF) was collected for analysis. Ordinate: mean ± SD (n = 6) of extracellular levels of l-glutamate and d-serine (μM). Abscissa: concentration of CLZ (μM). * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 vs. CLZ free by MANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. @ p < 0.05 and @@ p < 0.01 vs. HK-ACSF by MANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test.