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. 2020 Feb 11;9(2):414. doi: 10.3390/cells9020414

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Acute effects of therapeutic-relevant concentration of VPA (1000 μM) on astroglial releases of L-glutamate (A) and D-serine (B) from astrocytes subchronically administrated with CLZ. Astrocytes were incubated in fDMEM containing CLZ (0, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 100 μM) for 7 days. After wash-out, astrocytes were incubated in ACSF containing the same concentration of CLZ without (control: opened circles) or with therapeutic-relevant concentration of VPA (1000 μM: closed circles) for 60 min (pretreatment incubation). After pretreatment, to determine the K+-evoked astroglial releases of L-glutamate and D-serine, astrocytes were incubated in MK-ACSF (50.0 mM K+: black circles) or HK-ACSF (100.0 mM K+: blue circles) containing the same concentrations of CLZ and VPA during pretreatment incubation for 20 min, and then incubate medium (MK-ACSF or HK-ACSF) was collected for analysis. Ordinate: mean ± SD (n = 6) of extracellular levels of l-glutamate and d-serine (μM). Abscissa: concentration of CLZ (μM). * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 vs. CLZ free by MANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test.