Table 2.
Phyctochemical constituents of epiphytic medicinal plants.
| No | Epiphyte Species | Constituents |
|---|---|---|
| Fern species | ||
| Adiantaceae | ||
| 1 | Adiantum caudatum L., Mant | 16-hentriacontanone 1, 19α-hydroxyferna-7,9(11)-diene 2, 29-norhopan-22-ol 3, 3α-hydroxy-4α-methoxyfilicane 4, 8α-hydroxyfernan-25,7β-olide 5, adiantone 6, filic-3-ene 7, hentriacontane 8, isoadiantone 9, quercetin-3-O-glucoside 10, β-sitosterol 11, β-sitosterol 11, β-sitosterol glucoside 12 [330,331,332] |
| Aspleanceae | ||
| 2 | Asplenium nidus L. | (-)-epiafzelechin 3-O-β-d-allopyranoside 13, homoserine 14 [333] |
| Blechnaceae | ||
| 3 | Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. F.) Bedd. | 1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S*,3R*,4E,8Z)-2-N-[(2R)-hydroxytetracosanoyl]octadecasphinga 4,8-dienine 15, 3-formylindole 16, 3-oxo-4,5-dihydro-α-ionyl-β-d-lucopyranoside 17, kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 18, kaempferol 3-O-(3′,6′-di-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside 19, kaempferol 3-O-(3′-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-(6′-O-E-feruloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside 20, kaempferol 3-O-(3′-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside 21, kaempferol 3-O-(6′-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside 22, lutein 23, stenopaluside 24, stenopalustrosides A–E 25–29, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 30 [334,335] |
| Davalliaceae | ||
| 4 | Araiostegia divaricata (Blume) M. Kato | (-)-epicatechin 3-O-β-d-(2”-O-vanillyl)allopyranoside 31, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-β-D-(2′-trans-cinnamoyl)allopyranoside 32, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-β-D-(3”-O-vanillvl)allopyranoside 33, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-β-d-(3′-trans-cinnamoyl)allopyranoside 34, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-β-d-allopyranoside 35, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-β-d-allopyranoside 35, (+)-catechin 3-O-β-allopyranoside 36, 24-norferna-4 (23) 37, 4β-carboxymethyl-(-)-epicatechin 38, 4β-carboxymethyl-(-)-epicatechin methyl ester 39, 4β-carboxymethyl-(-)-epicatechin potasium 40, 9(11)-diene 41, cyanin 42, davallic acid 43, epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin 3-O-β-d-allopyranoside 44, epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-D-glucooctono-δ-lactone enediol 45, epicatechin-(4β→8)-4β-carboxymethylpicatechin 46, hop-21-ene 47, monardein 48, pelargonin 49, procyanidin B-2 3”-O-β-d-allopyranoside 50, sodium salts 51 [59,60,336,337,338,339,340] |
| 5 | Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw. | 18-diene 52, 18-diene 52, 19α-hydroxyfernenes 53, 19α-hydroxyfilic-3-ene 54, 2-C-β-d-glucopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone 55, 2-C-β-d-xylopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone 56, 2-C-β-d-xylopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone 56, 30-O-p-hydroxybenzoylmangiferin 57, 3-O-p-hydroxybenzoylmangiferin 58, 40-O-phydroxybenzoylmangiferin 59, 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2,6,4′-trihydroxybenzophenone 60, 4β-carboxymethyl-(-)-epicatechin 38, 4β-carboxymethyl-(-)-epicatechin methyl ester 39, 60-O-p-hydroxybenzoylmangiferin 61, eriodictyol 62, eriodictyol-8-C-β-d-glucopyranoside 63, fena-9(11) 64, fern-7-en-19α-ol 65, fern-9(11)-en-19α-ol 66, ferna-7 67, filic-3-en-19α-ol 68, filica-3,18,20-triene 69, filica-3,18-diene 70, icariside E3 71, icariside E5 72, mangiferin 73 [66,68,338,341,342] |
| Lycopodiaceae | ||
| 6 | Huperzia carinata (Desv. ex Poir.) Trevis | carinatumins A, B, and C 74, 75, 76 [74] |
| 7 | Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm | 14β,21α,29-trihydroxyserratan-3β-yl dihydrocaffeate (lycophlegmariol D) 77, 21α,24-dihydroxyserrat-14-en-3β-yl 4-hydroxycinnamate (lycophlegmariol C) 78, 21β,24,29-trihydroxyserrat-14-en-3β-yl dihydrocaffeate (lycophlegmariol B) 79, 21β,29-dihydroxyserrat-14-en-3α-yl dihydrocaffeate (lycophlegmariol A) 80, 21β-hydroxy-serrat-14-en-3α-ol 81, 21β-hydroxy-serrat-14-en-3α-yl acetate 82, 8,11,13-abietatriene-3β,12-dihydroxy-7-one (margocilin) 83, 8-deoxy-13-dehydroserratinine 84, 8-deoxyserratinidine 85, acrifoline 86, annotine 87, annotinine 88, dihydrolycopodine 89, epidihydrofawcettidine 90, fawcettidine 91, huperzine A 92, lycododine 93, lycoflexine 94, lycophlegmarin 95, lycophlegmarin 95, lycophlegmarine 96, lycophlegmine 97, lycopodine 98, malycorin A 99, malycorins B, C 100, 101, N,N′-dimethylphlegmarine 102, phlegmanol A–E 103–107, phlegmaric acid 108, α-obscurine 109, β-obscurine 110 [77,343,344,345,346,347,348] |
| 8 | Huperzia megastachya (Baker) Tardieu | 21-epi-serratenediol 111, 21-epi-serratenediol-3-acetate 112, lycoclavanol 113, megastachine 114, phlegmanol-D 115, serratenediol 116, serratenediol-3-acetate 117, serratenonediol diacetate 118, tohogenol diacetate 119 [349,350] |
| 9 | Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott | 1β,11α-diacetoxy-11,12-epoxydrim-7-ene 120, 1β,3β,11α-triacetoxy-11,12-epoxydrim-7-ene 121, 1β,6α,11α-triacetoxy-11,12-epoxydrim-7-ene 122, sequoyitol 123 [339,351] |
| Oleandraceae | ||
| 10 | Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl | fern-9(11)-ene 124, hentriacontanoic acid 125, myristic acid octadecylester 126, oleanolic acid 127, sequoyitol (patent) 123, triacontanol 128, β-sitosterol 11 [352,353] |
| Opioglossaceae | ||
| 11 | Botrychum lanuginosum Wall.ex Hook & Grev. | (6′-O-palmitoyl)-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucoside 129, 1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3R,4E,8Z)-2-[(2R-hydroxy hexadecanoyl) amino]-4,8-octadecadiene-1, 3-diol 130, 30-nor-21β-hopan-22-one 131, apigenin 132, β-sitosterol 133, daucosterol 134, luteolin 135, luteolin-7-O-glucoside 136, thunberginol A 137 [354] |
| Polypodiaceae | ||
| 12 | Drynaria roosii Nakaike | kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-l-arabinoside 138, (2R)-naringin 139, (2S)-narigenin-7-O-β-d-glucoside 140, kaemperol 3-O-α-l-rhamnosyl-7-O-β-d-glucoside 141, luteolin-7-O-β-d-neohesperidoside 142, maltol glucoside 143, (-)-epicatechin 144, 12-O-caffeoyl-12-hydroxyldodecanoic acid 145, xanthogalenol 146, naringenin 147, kushennol F 148, sporaflavone G 149, kuraninone 150, leachianone A 151, 8-phenylkaempferol 152, kaempferol 153, chiratone 154, fern-9(11)-ene 155, hop-22(29)-ene 156, isoglaucanone 157, dryocrassol 158, dryocrassol acetate 159, (+)-afzelechin-3-O-β-allopyranoside 160, (+)-afzelechin-6-C-β-glucopyranoside 161, 4α-carboxymethyl-(+)-catechin methyl ester 162, (-)-epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-(-)-epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-4β-carboxymethyl-(-)-epiafzelechin methyl ester 163, (-)-epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-4β-carboxymethyl-(-)-epicatechin methyl ester 164, (-)-epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-4α-carboxymethy-(-)-epiafzelechin ethyl ester 165, (-)-epiafzelechin-3-O-β-d-allopyranoside 166, (-)-epicatechin-3-O-β-d-allopyranoside 167, (+)-catechin 168, 4β-carboxymethyl-(-)-epiafzelechin methyl ester 169, 4β-carboxymethyl-(-)-epiafzelechin 170, (-)-epiafzelechin-(4β→82→O→7)-epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-epiafzelechin 171, (-)-epiafzelechin 172, (-)-epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-4β-carboxymethyl-epiafzelechin methyl ester 173, epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin 174, (+)-afzelechin 175, (+)-epicatechin-3-O-β-d-allopyranoside 176, (-)-epicatechin-8-C-β-d-gluclopyranoside 177, (-)-epiafzelechin-5-O-β-d-allopyranoside 178, drynachromoside A 179, drynachromoside B 180, fortunamide 181, curcumine 182, demethoxycurcumine 183, bisdemethoxycurcumine 184, bavachinine 185, isobavachalcone 186, (-)-epicatechin 144, liquiritine 187, bakuchiol 188, protocatechuic acid 189, (R)-5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxy-flavonone 7-O-neohesperidoside 190, (2S)-5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavonone 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 191, 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxflavanone 192, 3′-lavandulyl-4-methoxy-2,2′,4′,6′-tetrahydroxyylcalcone 193, 5,7-dihydroxychromone-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 194, 5,7-dyhidroxychromone-7-O-neohesperidosyl 195 [43,94,355,356,357,358] |
| 13 | Drynaria propinqua (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd | (-)-epiafzelechin 3-O-β-d-allopyranoside 13 [359] |
| 14 | Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. | friedelin 196, epifriedelinol 197, β-amyrin 198, β-sitosterol 11, 3-β-d-glucopyranoside 199, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 200, acetyllupeol 201 [97,360] |
| 15 | Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd. | fern-9(11)ene 202, hop-22(29)-ene 156, γ-sitosterol 203, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 200, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 204, 4-hydroxyphenyl-1-(2-arabinopyranosyl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol 205, 4-hydroxyphenyl-1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol 206, kaempferitrin 207, 3,5-dihydroxy-flavone-7-O-β-rhamnopyranosyl-4′-O-β-glucopyranoside 208 [92,361] |
| 16 | Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Serm. | 1,2-benzopyrone (coumarin) 209 [47] |
| 17 | Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. | diploptene 210, β-sitosterol 11, octanordammarane 211, dammara-18(28),21-diene 212, (18S)-18-hydroxydammar-21-en 213, (18R)-18-hydroxydammar-21-ene 214, (18S)-pyrrosialactone 215, (18R)-pyrrosialactone 216, (18S)-pyrrosialactol 217, 3-deoxyocotillol 218, dammara-18(28),21-diene 212, cyclohopenol 219, cyclohopanediol 220, hop-22(29)-en-28-al 221 [362,363,364] |
| 18 | Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching | α-tocopherol 222, diploptene 210, 24-methylene-9,19-cyclolanost-3β-yl acetate 223, cycloeucalenol 224, β-sitosterol 11, daucosterol 134, vanillic acid 225, protocatechualdehyde 226, hydrocaffeic acid 227, caffeic acid 228, 7-O-[6-O-(α-l-arabinofuranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]gossypetin 229, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-l-arabinofuranoside 230 [365,366,367,368] |
| 19 | Pyrrosia sheareri (Baker) Ching | diploptene 210, β-sitosterol 11, vanillic acid 225, protocatechuic acid 189, mangiferin 73, fumaric acid 231, sucrose 232 [42] |
| Psilotaceae | ||
| 20 | Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv | apigenin di-C-glycoside 233, 7,4′,4′-tri-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 234, 4′,4′-di-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 235, 7,4′-di-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 236, 3′-hydroxypsilotin (6-[4′-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3′-hydroxyphenyl]-5,6-dihydro-2-oxo-2H-pyran) 237, 24-methylene-5α-lanost-8-en-3β-ol 238, 24β-methyl-25-dehydrolophenol 239, codisterol 240, isofucosterol 241, 24-methylene-25-hydroxyphenol 242, avenasterol 243, psilotin 244 [368,369,370,371] |
| Pteridaceae | ||
| 21 | Acrostichum aureum L. | quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside 245, ponasterone A 246, lupeol 247, friedelin 196, β-sitosterol 11, stigmasterol 248, campesterol 249, tetracosanoic acid 250, ursolic acid 251, gallic acid 252, (2R,3S)-sulfated pterosin C 253, (2S,3S)-sulfated pterosin C 254, (2S,3S)-pterosin C 255, (2R)-pterosin P 256, patriscabratine 257, tetracosane 258, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside 259, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucosyl-(6→1)-α-l-rhamnoside 260, quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside 261, quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnosyl-7-O-β-d-glucoside 262, kaempferol 153 [35,372,373,374] |
| 22 | Selaginella involvens (P.Beauv.) Spring | hexadecanoic acid 263, stearic acid 264, β-sitosterol 11, stigmasterol 248, amentoflavone 265, β-d-glucopyranoside 266, (3β)-cholest-5-en-3yl 267, β-amyrin 198 [375] |
| Vittariaceae | ||
| 23 | Vittaria elongate Sw. | vittarin-A-F 268–273, 3-O-acetylniduloic acid 274, ethyl 3-O-acetylniduloate 275, methyl 4-O-coumaroylquinate 276, vittarilide-A, B 277, 278, vittariflavone 279, methyl 4-O-caffeoylquinate 280, ethyl 4-O-caffeoylquinate 281, methyl 5-O-caffeoylquinate 282, apigenin 132, vitexin 283, 5,7-dihydroxy-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone 284, amentoflavone 265, trans-p-coumaric acid 285, methyl trans-p-coumarate 286, methyl caffeate 287, ferulic acid 288, p-cresol 289, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 290, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 204, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 291, protocatechualdehyde 226, protocatechuic acid 189, methyl protocatechuate 292, vanillin 293, vanillic acid 225 [119] |
| Non-Fern | ||
| Balsaminaceae | ||
| 24 | Impatiens niamniamensis Gilg (semi epiphytic) | α-N,N,N-trimethyltryptophan betaine 294 [129] |
| 25 | Convolvulaceace (parasite) | |
| 26 | Cassytha filiformis L. | N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-nitrophenylacetamide 295, actinodaphnine 296, cassythine 297, isoboldine 298, cassameridine 299, cassamedine 300, lysicamine 301, cathafiline 302, cathaformine 303, actinodaphnine 304, N-methylactinodaphnine 305, cathafiline 306, cathaformine 307, predicentrine 308, ocoteine 309, filiformine 310, (+)-diasyringaresinol 311, cathafiline 312, cathaformine 313, actinodaphnine 314, N-methylactinodaphnine 315, predicentrine 308, ocoteine 316, neolitsine 317, dicentrine 318, cassythine (cassyfiline) 319, actinodaphnine 320, 4-O-methylbalanophonin 321, cassyformin 322, isofiliformine 323, cassythic acid 324, cassythic acid 324, cassythine 325, neolitsine 326, dicentrine 318, 1,2-methylenedioxy-3,10,11-trimethoxyaporphine 327, (-)-O-methylflavinatine 328, (-)-salutaridine 329, isohamnetin-3-O-β-glucoside 330, isohamnetin-3-O-rutinoside 331 [134,354,376,377,378,379,380] |
| 27 | Cuscuta australis R.Br. | 4-oic acid-7-oxo-kaurene-6α-O-β-d-glucoside 332, thymidine 333, caffeic acid 228, p-coumaric acid 334, caffeic-β-d-glucoside 335, kaempferol 153, quercetin 336, astragalin 337, hyperoside 338, astragalin 339, kaempferol 153, quercetin 336, β-sitosterol 11, β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside 340 [381,382,383] |
| 28 | Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. | coumarin 341, α-amyrin 342, β-amyrin 198, α-amyrin acetate 343, β-amyrin acetate 344, oleanolic acetate 345, oleanolic acid 127, stigmasterol 248, lupeol 247, stigmast-5-en-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside tetraacetate 346, stigmast-5-en-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 347, stigmast-5-en-3-yl-acetate 348, β-sitosterol 11, 3,5,7,3′-pentahydroxyflavanone (taxifolin) 349, 3,5,7,4′-tetrahydroxyflavanone (aromadendrin) 350 [143,384,385] |
| Clusiaceae | ||
| 29 | Clusia grandiflora Splitg. (hemi epiphyte) | friedelin 196, β-amyrin 198, β-sitosterol 11, lupeol 247, chamone I 351, chamone II 352 [149,386] |
| Loganiaceae | ||
| 30 | Fagraea auriculata Jack. (semi epiphyte) | di-O-methylcrenatin 353, potalioside B 354, adoxosidic acid 355, adoxoside 356, (þ)-pinoresinol 357, salicifoliol 358 [153] |
| Loranthaceae (parasite) | ||
| 31 | Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.)Ettingsh | 3β-acetoxy-1β-(2-hydroxy-2-propoxy)-11α-hydroxy-olean-12-ene 359, 3β-acetoxy-11α-ethoxy-1β-hydroxy-olean-12-ene 360, 3β-acetoxy-1β-hydroxy-11α-methoxy-olean-12-ene 361, 3β-acetoxy-1β,11α-dihydroxy-olean-12-ene 362, 3β-acetoxy-1β,11α-dihydroxy-urs-12-ene 363, 3β-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-11-one 364, 3β-acetoxy-lup-20(29)-ene 365, 30-nor-lup-3β-acetoxy-20-one 366, (20S)-3β-acetoxy-lupan-29-oic acid 367, kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside 368, quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside 369, gallic acid 252 [387] |
| 32 | Loranthus globosus Roxb | (+)-catechin 168, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol 370, 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamylalcohol 371 [163] |
| 33 | Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. | quercetin 336, gallic acid 252, orientin 372, rutin 373, quercetin-3-O-apiosyl(1→2)-[rhamnosyl(1→6)]-glucoside 374, vicenin 375 [388] |
| 34 | Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser | octadeca-8,10,12-triynoic acid 376, hexadec-8-ynoic acid 377, hexadec-10-ynoic acid 378, hexadeca-8,10-diynoic acid 379, hexadeca-6,8,10-triynoic acid 380, hexadeca-8,10,12-triynoic acid 381, (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid 382, (Z,Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid 383, (Z,Z,Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoicacid 384, octadeca-8,10-diynoic acid 385, (Z)-octadec-12-ene-8,10-diynoic acid 386, octadeca-8,10,12-triynoic acid 376, theobromine 387, caffeine 388, quercitrin 389, rutin 373, icariside B2 390, aviculin 391, (+)-catechin 168, (-)-epicatechin 144, (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate 392, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate 393 [169,170] |
| 35 | Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser | glycoside 4′-O-acetyl-quercitrin 394 [389] |
| 36 | Scurrula parasitica L. | (+)-catechin 168 [178] |
| Moraceae | ||
| 37 | Ficus pumila L. | (1S,4S,5R,6R,7S,10S)-1,4,6-trihydroxyeudesmane 6-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 39, (1S,4S,5S,6R,7R,10S)-1,4-dihydroxymaaliane 1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 396, (23Z)-3β-acetoxycycloart-23-en-25-ol 39, (23Z)-3β-acetoxyeupha-7,23-dien-25-ol 39, (24RS)-3β-acetoxycycloart-25-en-24-ol 39, (24S)-24-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one 400, (24S)-stigmast-5-ene-3β,24-diol 401, 10α,11-dihydroxycadin-4-ene 11-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 402, 3β-acetoxy-(20R,22E,24RS)-20,24-dimethoxydammaran-22-en-25-ol 403, 3β-acetoxy-(20S,22E,24RS)-20,24-dimethoxydammaran-22-en-25-ol 404, 3β-acetoxy-20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27-octanordammaran-17β-ol 405, 3β-acetoxy-22,23,24,25,26,27-hexanordammaran-20-one 406, cycloartane-type triterpenoids 407, triterpenoid 408 [390,391,392] |
| Orchidaceae | ||
| 38 | Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata | (6R,9S)-9-hydroxy-megastigma-4,7-dien-3-one-9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 409, (R)-(+)-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid γ-lactone 410, 1-O-isopropyl-β-d-glucopyranoside 411, 2-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxymethyl)-5-hydroxymethylfuran 412, 3-(R)-3-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxybutanoic acid 413, 3-(R)-3-β-d-glucopyranosyloxybutanolide (kinsenoside) 414, 4-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl alcohol 415, corchoionoside C 416 [393] |
| 39 | Anoectochilus roxburghii (Blume) | 24ξ-isopropenylcholesterol 417, 5-hydroxy-3′,4′,7-trimethoxyflavonol-3-O-β-D-rutinoside 418, 7-O-β-D-diglucoside 419, 8-C-β-hydroxybenzylquercetin 420, 8-p-hydroxybenzyl quercetin, 421, anoectosterol 422, campesterol 249, cirsilineol 423, daucosterol 134, ferulic acid 288, isorhamnetin 424, isorhamnetin-3 425, isorhamnetin-3, 4′-O-β-d-diglucoside 426, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside 427, isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 428, isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-diglucoside 429, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 430, kaempferol-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 431, p-coumaric acid 334, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 432, quercetin 336, quercetin 3′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 433, quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 434, quercetin 3-O-β-d-rutinoside 435, quercetin 7-O-β-glucoside 436, quercetin-7-O-β-D-[6′-O-(trans-feruloyl)]-glucopyranoside 437, sitosterol 438, stigmasterol 248, succinic acid 439, 3′,4′,7-trimethoxy-3,5-dihydroxyflavone 440, 3-methoxyl-p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 441, daucosterol 134, daucosterol 134, ferulic acid 288, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 442, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside 443, lanosterol 444, methy1 4-β-d-glucopyranosyl-butanoate 445, o-hydroxy phenol 446, oleanolic acid 127, palmitic acid 447, p-hydroxy benzaldehyde 448, p-hydroxy cinnamic acid 449, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 432, rutin 373, sorghumol 3-O-E-p-coumarate 450, sorghumol 3-O-Z-p-coumarate 451, stearic acid 264, succinic acid 452, β-D-glucopyranosyl-(3R)-hydroxybutanolide 453, β-sitosterol 11 [394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402] |
| 40 | Bulbophyllum kwangtungense Schltr. | 10,11-dihydro-2,7-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxydibenzo[b,f]oxepine 454, 5-(2,3-dimethoxyphenethyl)-6-methylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxole 455, 7,8-dihydro-3-hydroxy-12,13-methylenedioxy-11-methoxyldibenz[b,f]oxepin 456, 7,8-dihydro-4-hydroxy-12,13-methylenedioxy-11-methoxyldibenz[b,f]oxepin 457, 7,8-dihydro-5-hydroxy-12,13-methylenedioxy-11-methoxyldibenz [b,f]oxepin, 458, cumulatin 459, densiflorol A 460, plicatol B 461 [219,403] |
| 41 | Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall. | (+)-lyoniresinol-3a-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 462, 3,5-dimethoxyphenethyl alcohol 463, 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxyphenanthren 464, 3-hydroxyphenethyl 4-O-(6′- O-β-apiofuranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside 465, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic aldehyde 466, 3-methoxyphenethyl alc. 4-O-β-D-glucopynanoside 467, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde 468, 4-O-β-d-glucopynanoside 469, 7-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 470, batatasin III 471, Bulbophyllanthrone 472, bulbophythrins A, B 473, 474, Coelonin 475, densiflorol B 476, ethyl orsellinat 477, gigantol 478, moscatin 479, p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid 480, p-hydroxyphenylpropionic methyl ester 481, syringaldehyde 482, syringin 483, tristin 484, vanillic acid 225 [223,224,404,405,406,407] |
| 42 | Bulbophyllum vaginatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. | (±)-syringaresinol 485, (2R*,3S*)-3-hydroxymethyl-9-methoxy-2-(4′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrophenanthro [4,3-b]furan-5,11-diol 486, 2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene-3,7-diol 487, 3,4,6-trimethenanthrene-2,7-diol 488, 3,4,6-trimethoxy-9,10- dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol 489, 3,4′,5-trihydroxy-3′-methoxybibenzyl (tristin) 490, 3,4′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethoxybibenzyl 491, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 200, 3,4-dimethoxy-9,10- dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol (erianthridin) 492, 3,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,7-diol (nudol) 493, 3,5-di- methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol (6- methoxycoelonin) 494, 3,5-dimeth- oxyphenanthrene-2,7-diol 495, 3′-dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl 496, 4,4′,6,6′-tetramethoxy-[1,1′-biphenanthrene]-2,2′,3,3′,7,7′-hexol 497, 4,6-dimethoxy-9,10-di- hydrophenanthrene-2,3,7-triol 498, 4,6-dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,3,7-triol 499, 4-methoxy-9,10- dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol (coelonin) 500, 4-methoxyphenan- threne-2,7-diol (flavanthrinin) 501, 4-methoxyphenanthrene- 2,3,5-triol (fimbriol B) 502, 9,10- dihydrophenanthrenes 503, dihydroferulic acid 504, Friedelin 196, p-coumaric acid, 334 [36,408,409] |
| 43 | Catasetum barbatum (Lindl.) Lindl. | 2,7-dihydroxy-3,4,8-trimethoxyphenanthrene 505 [225] |
| 44 | Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. | aloifol I 506, aloifol II 507, 6-O-methylcoelonin 508, batatasin III 471, coelonin 475, gigantol, 478, 1-(4′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(3″-hydroxyphenyl)ethane 509, 1-(4′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)ethane 510, 2,7-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 511, cymbinodin-A 512, cymbinodin B 513 [410,411,412] |
| 45 | Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. | β-sitosterol 11, daucosterol 134, ergosterol 514, gigantol 478, cymbidine A 515 [229,230,413] |
| 46 | Dendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl. | amotin 516, amoenin 517, amoenumin 518, amoenylin, isoamoenylin 519, 3,4′-dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl, 520, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′,5-trimethoxybibenzyl (moscatilin) 521 [414,415,416] |
| 47 | Dendrobium chryseum Rolfe | araxerol 522, coumarin 341, moscatilin 523, chrysotobibenzyl 524, chrysotoxin 525, gigantol 478, kaempferol 153, cis-melilotoside 526, defuscin 527, dendroflorin 528, dengibsin 529, dihydromelilotoside 530, naringenin 147, n-octacosyl ferulate 531, trans-melilotoside 532 [233,417] |
| 48 | Dendrobium candidum Wall. Ex Lindl. | (-)-loliolide 533, (-)-secoisolariciresinol 534, (-)syringaresinol 535, (+)-lyoniresinol-3a-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 462, (+)-syringaresinol-4-β-d-monoglucoside 536, (1′R)-1′-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxylphenyl) propan-1′-ol 4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 537, (E)-p-Hydroxycinnamic acid 538, 2,4,7-trihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 539, 2-methoxyphenol-O-β-d-apiofuromosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside 540, 3,4-dihydroxy-5,4′-dimethoxybibenzyl 541, 3-O-methylgigantol 542, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl 543, 4′,5-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxybibenzyl 544, 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenylglucoside 545, 4′-dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl 546, 5-hydroxymethyl-furaldehyde 547, Adenosine 548, Aduncin 549, cis-feruloyl-p-hydroxybenzenethylamine 550, coniferyl alcohol 551, daucosterol 134, defuscin 527, denbinobin, 552, dendrocandin A 553, dendrocandin B 554, dendrocandin C 555, dendrocandin D 556, dendrocandin E 557, dendrocandins F—I 558–561, dendromoniliside E 562, dendrophenol 563, dihydroresveratrol 564, gigantol 478, guanosine 565, hentriacontane 8, heptadecanoic acid 566, hexadecanoic acid 263, icariol A 2-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 567, khaephuouside 568, leonuriside A 569, naringenin 147, n-octacosyl ferulate 531, N-trans-feruloyl tyramine 570, n-triacontyl cis-p-coumarate 571, p-hydroxy-phenylpropionic acid 480, sucrose 232, syringaresinol 572, syringaresinol-4,4′-O-bis-β-d-glucoside 573, trans-cinnamoyl-p-hydroxybenzenethylamine 574, uridine 575, vanillyl alcohol 576, β-sitosterol 11 [237,238,239,418,419,420] |
| 49 | Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall. ex Lindl. | (2S)-N-cis-cinnamoyl-2-oxopropyrrolidine 577, (2S)-N-trans-cinnamoyl-2-oxopropyrrolidine 578, (þ)-lyoniresinol 579, 2,5-dihydroxy-4,9-dimethoxylphenanthrene 580, 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′,5-trimethoxybibenzyl 581, 7,70-bis-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-8,80-dihydroxymethyl-tetrahydrofuran-4-β-d-glucoside 582, chrysophanol 583, chrysotobibenzyl 524, chrysotobibenzyl 524, chrysotoxin 525, crepidatin 584, crepidatin 584, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-β-d-glucoside 585, denchrysans A, B 586, 587, denchryside A 588, denchryside B 589, dendrochrysanene 590, dendroflorin 528, dengibsin 529, dengibsin 529, emodin 591, gigantol 478, moscatilin 523, moscatilin 523, moscatin 479, physcion 592, β-sitosterol 11 [226,417,421,422,423,424] |
| 50 | Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. | 2-hydroxyethyl caffeate 593, ayapin 594, chrysophanol 583, chrysotobibenzyl (I) 595, confusarin 596, crepidatin 584, defuscin 527, denhydroshizukanolide 597, fimbriatone 598, n-dotriacontanoic acid 599, n-octacosyl ferulate 531, n-triacontyl cis-p-coumarate 571, physcion 592, rhein 600, scopolin methyl ether 601, β-sitosterol 11 [425,426] |
| 51 | Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe | dendrophenol (4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′,5-trimethoxybibenzyl) 563, loddigesiinols A-D 602-605, moscatilin 523, moscatilin diacetate 606, moscatin 479, shihunidine 607, shihunine 608, stilbenes 609 [250,251,252] |
| 52 | Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw. | heptacosane 610, 3,4-dihydroxy-4′,5-dimethoxy bibenzyl 611, 3,4-dihydroxy-5,4′-dimethoxy bibenzyl 612, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde 613, a known alkaloid 6-hydroxynobiline 614, alkyl 4′-hydroxy-cis-cinnamates 615, alkyl ferulates 616, daucosterol 134, denbinobin 552, denbinobin, alkyl 4′-hydroxy-trans-cinnamates 617, dendromoniliside E 562, ethyl linolenates 618, heptatriaconsanoic acid 619, linoleic acid 620, methyl linolenates 621, moniliformin 622, moniline 623, n-nonacosane 624, n-octacosyl ferulate 531, n-triacontyl p-hydroxy-cis-cinnamate 625, octacosanyl hexadecanoate 626, phytosterols 627, stigmast-4-en-3-one 628, vanillin 293, α-dihydropicrotoxinin 629, β-sitosterol 11 [255,427,428,429,430,431] |
| 53 | Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham) S.w | moscatin 479, moscatilin 523 [432,433] |
| 54 | Dendrobium nobile Lindl. | 10,12-dihydroxypicrotoxane 630, 10β,13,14-trihydroxyalloaromadendrane 631, 3,4,8-trimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol 632, 3,4′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethoxydihydrostilbene 633, 3-O-methylgigantol 542, 5,7-dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,6-diol 634, 6-hydroxy-dendrobine (dendramine) 635, 6-hydroxy-dendroxine 636, 6α,10,12-trihydroxypicrotoxane 637, 7,12-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-11-isopropyl-6-methyl-9-oxatricyclo [6.2.1.02,6]undecan-10-one-15-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 638, batatasin III 471, bullatantirol 639, chrysotobibenzyl 524, coelonin 475, crepidatin 584, denbinobin 552, dendrobane A 640, dendrobin A,7 chrysotoxine 641, dendrobine 642, dendrobiumane 643, dendrodensiflorol, 644, dendroflorin 528, dendronobilin A-I 645–653, dendronobilin J 654, dendronobiline A 655, dendronobilosides A, B 656, 657, dendronophenol A-B 658, 659, dendroside A 660, dendroside E-G 661–663, dendroxineo 664, ephemeranthol A 665, epheneranthol C 666, erianthridin 667, fimbriol-B 668, flavanthridin 669, gigantol 478, hircinol 670, lusianthridin 671, moscatilin 523, moscatilin 523, moscatin, 479, gigantol 478, nobilin D-E 672, 673, nobilone 674, nobilonine 675, stigmasterol 248, β-sitosterol 11, β-sitosterol glucoside 12 [38,261,262,263,264,267,433,434,435,436,437,438] |
| 55 | Epidendrum strobiliferum Rchb.f. | 24-methylenecycloartanol 676, campesterol 249, pholidotin 677, stigmasterol 248, β-sitosterol 11 [272] |
| 56 | Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. | 2,3-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenathrene-4,7-diol 678, 24-methyl-9,19-cyclolanostane-25-en-3β-ol 679, 3,4,9-trimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol 680, apigenin 132, batatasin III 471, gigantol 478, isovitexin 681, stilbenoids I-IV 682–685, triterterpenoids 24,24-dimethyl-9,19-cyclolanostane-25-en-3β-ol 686, vitexin 283 [274] |
| 57 | Mycaranthes pannea (Lindl.) S.C.Chen & J.J.Wood | Acervatol 687, acervatone 688, flavanthridin 669, flavanthrinin 689 [276] |
| 58 | Camaridium densum (Lindl.) M.A.Blanco | 2,5-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene 690, 2,5-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene 690, 9,10-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene 691, 9,10-dihydro-2,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene 692, erianthridin 667, fimbriol-A 693, gymnopusin 694, nudol 695 [37,439] |
| 59 | Nidema boothii (Lindl.) Schltr. | 1,5,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,6-diol, 696, 1,5,7-trimethoxyphenanthrene-2,6-diol 697, 2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene-3,7-diol 488, 9,19-cyclolanosta-24,24-dimethyl-25-en-3β-yl trans-p-hydroxycinnamate 698, aloifol II 507, batatasin III 471, ephemeranthol B 699, ephemeranthoquinone 700, gigantol 478, lusianthridin 671, nidemin 701, nidemone 702 [282,440] |
| 60 | Pholidota articulata Lindl. | 2,7-dihydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyla 9, 10-dihydrophenanthrene flavidin 703, 2,7-dihydroxyll-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (coelonin) 704, 9, 10-dihydrophenanthrenes 705, coelogin 706, coeloginin 707, flavidin 708, flavidinin 709, oxoflavidinin 710 [441] |
| 61 | Pholidota chinensis Lindl. | (E)-2′,3,3′-trihydroxy-5-methoxystilbene (pholidotol C) 711, (Z)-3,3′-hydroxy-5-methoxystilbene (pholidotol D) 712, 2,4,7-trihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 539, 2,5-dimethoxy-3,4,3′,4′-bis(dimethylenedioxy)bibenzyl 713, 3,4′-dihydroxy-3′,5-dimethoxybibenzyl 714, 3,4-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrostilbene 715, 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane 716, 4,5-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 717, 5,3′-dihydroxy-2,3-(methylenedioxy)bibenzyl 718, 9,10-dihydro-2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxyphenanthrene 719, batatasin III 471, blestrianol A 720, blestrin A 721, bulbophylol B 722, cannabidihydrophenanthrene 723, coelonin 475, coelonin 475, cyclopholidone 724, cyclopholidone 724, cyclopholidonol 725, cyclopholidonol 725, erianthridin 667, eulophiol 726, flavanthrin 727, flavanthrin 727, gymconpin C 728, hircinol 670, lusianthridin 671, lusianthridin, 671, phochinenins A – F 729–734, phochinenins G-L 735–740, pholidotols A-B 741, 742, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxydihydrostilbene 743, phoyunnanin D 744, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 432, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 745, protocatechuic aldehyde 746, resveratrol 747, thunalbene 748, thunalbene 749, trans-3-3-dihydroxy-2,5-dimthoxystilbene 750, trans-3-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimthoxystilbene 751, β-daucosterol 752 [285,286,442,443,444,445] |
| 62 | Scaphyglottis livida (Lindl.) Schltr. | 24,24,dimethyl-9,19-cyclolanosta-9(11),25-dien-3-one (cyclobalanone) 753, 3,4′-dihydroxy-3′,4,5-trimetoxybibenzyl 754, 3,4′-dihydroxy-3′,5-dimethoxybibenzyl 714, 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4,8-trimethoxyphenanthrene 755, 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene 756, 5α-lanosta-24,24-dimethyl-9(11),25-dien-3β-ol 757, batatasin III 471, coelonin 475, gigantol 478, nidemin 701 [287,288,440] |
| 63 | Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. | eucomic acid 758, vandaterosides I-III 759–761 [295] |
| 64 | Vanda tessellate (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don. | Oxotessallatin 762 [446] |
| Piperaceae | ||
| 65 | Peperomia galioides Kunth | (+)-epi-α-bisabolol 763, galopiperone 764, grifolic acid 765, grifolin 766, hydropiperone 767, piperogalin 768, piperogalone 769 [447,448,449] |
| 66 | Piper retrofractum Vahl | 28-methylnonacos-27-en-1-oic acid 770, 3-methyl-5-decanoylpyridine 771, caffeic acid 228, di-methyl 3,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-cyclobutanedicarboxylate 772, esculetin 773, methyl piperate 774, N-isobutyleicosa-2,4-dienamide 775, p-coumaric acid 334, pipereicosalidine 776, piperine 777, piperine 777, pipernonaline 778, piperoctadecalidine 779, retrofractamide-D 780, retrofractamides A, C 781, 782, uracil 783, uridine 575, vitexin 283, vitexin 2′-O-β-glucopyranoside 784, β-d-glucopyranoside 266, β-sitosterol 11 [301,306,450,451,452,453] |
| Rubiaceae | ||
| 67 | Hydnophytum formicarum Jack | 4-aminophenyl acetate 785, 7,3′,5′-trihydroxyflavone 786, butein 787, butin 788, Isoliquiritigenin 789, protocatechualdehyde 226, stigmast-4-en-3-one 628, stigmasterol 248, β-sitosterol 11 [313,361] |
| Viscaceae | ||
| 68 | Viscum articulatum Burm.f. | (2S)-5,3,4-trihydroxyflavanone 7-O-β-d-glucoside 790, (2S)-homoeriodictyol 791, (2S)-homoeriodictyol 7-O-β-d-glucoside 792, (2S)-naringenin 7-O-β-d-glucoside 793, (2S)-pinocembrin 7-O-[cinnamoyl(1→5)-β-d-apiosyl(1→2)]-β-d-glucoside 794, (2S)-pinocembrin 7-O-[β-d-apiosyl(1→2)]-β-d-glucoside (1) 795, (2S)-pinocembrin 7-O-β-d-glucoside 796, (4′-hydroxy-2′,3′,6′,3′′-tetramethoxy-1,3-diphenylpropane)-4′′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 797, 1-O-benzyl-[5-O-benzoyl-β-Dapiofuranosyl(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside 798, 2-deoxy-epi-inositol 799, 2-phenylethanol 800, 4-β-d-glucosyloxy-3-hydroxy-benzoic acid 801, 4′-hydroxy-7,3′-dimethoxyflavan-5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 802, 4-O-cinnamoyl quinic acid 803, 5,3′,4′-trihydroxyflavanone-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 804, 5,4′-dihydroxyflavanone-7-O-β-d-lucopyranoside 805, 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 806, botulin 807, betulin 808, betulinic acid 809, cinnamic acid methyl ester 810, diphenylpropane glycoside 811, eriodictyol 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 812, homoeriodictyol 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 813, homoeriodictyol-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 814, homoeriodictyol-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside-4′-O-β-d-(5′′′-cinnamoyl)apiofuranoside 815, homoeriodictyol-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside-4′-O-β-d-apiofuranoside 816, lupenyl acetate 817, lupeol 247, lupeol acetate 818, lupeol palmitate 819, lupeol stearate 820, lycorin 821, methylparaben 822, naringenin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 823, Oleanolic acid 127, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 432, p-hydroxy-benzoic acid 824, pinocembrin 825, pinocembrin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 826, pinocembrin-7-O-[cinnamoyl (1→5)-β-d-apiofuranosyl (1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside 827, pinocembrin-7-O-β-d-apio furanosyl(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside 828, pinocembrin-7-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→5)-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside 829, protocatechuic acid 189, vanillin 293, visartisides A-C 830, 831, 832, visartisides D-F (4–6) 833, 834, 835, viscumitol 836, α-amyrin 342, β-amyrin acetate 837, β-sitosterol 11 [319,320,321,322,323,454,455,456] |
| 69 | Viscum ovalifolium DC | 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoyl-hederagenin-28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside 838, gypsogenic acid 839, hederagenin 840, hederagenin-3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside 841, hederagenin-3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoyl-(2→1)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 842, lupeol acetate 818, lupeol palmitate 819, oleanolic acid 127, lupeol stearate 820, β-amyrin 198, β-amyrin acetate 344 [457,458] |