Table 2.

The relative concentrations of metabolites acquired by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy from DSS 0%, DSS 2%, DSS 3.5%, and DSS 5% livers.

	DSS 0%	DSS 2%		DSS 3.5%		DSS 5%
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	(p-value)	Mean ± SE	(p-value)	Mean ± SE	(p-value)
2-Octenoate	1.961 ± 0.236	2.686 ± 0.641	(0.1598)	2.690 ± 0.359	(0.0701)	2.956 ± 0.405	(0.0378) *
Acetate	2.465 ± 0.224	2.779 ± 0.272	(0.1993)	3.835 ± 0.489	(0.0208) *	2.485 ± 0.368	(0.4825)
Acetoin	1.256 ± 0.494	1.311 ± 0.332	(0.4648)	1.556 ± 0.198	(0.2807)	2.277 ± 0.548	(0.1039)
Alanine	1.141 ± 0.178	1.469 ± 0.121	(0.0828)	2.192 ± 0.455	(0.0390) *	2.439 ± 0.511	(0.0272) *
Arginine	0.632 ± 0.107	1.388 ± 0.295	(0.0214) *	1.862 ± 0.452	(0.0194) *	2.220 ± 0.420	(0.0043) **
Betaine	0.597 ± 0.136	0.996 ± 0.177	(0.0559)	1.369 ± 0.323	(0.0357) *	2.147 ± 0.566	(0.0190) *
Carnitine	0.631 ± 0.042	0.958 ± 0.180	(0.0575)	1.391 ± 0.285	(0.0201) *	2.034 ± 0.627	(0.0369) *
Choline	1.269 ± 0.362	2.208 ± 0.466	(0.0749)	2.154 ± 0.401	(0.0712)	2.684 ± 0.350	(0.0104) *
Formate	1.400 ± 0.307	2.010 ± 0.452	(0.1485)	2.671 ± 0.329	(0.0107) *	2.578 ± 0.455	(0.0353) *
Fumarate	1.632 ± 0.237	2.100 ± 0.341	(0.1461)	2.307 ± 0.339	(0.0762)	3.066 ± 0.522	(0.0223) *
Glucose	4.696 ± 0.216	5.754 ± 0.618	(0.0723)	6.002 ± 0.372	(0.0092) **	6.004 ± 0.269	(0.0025) **
Glutamate	1.365 ± 0.199	2.961 ± 0.575	(0.0153) *	2.623 ± 0.287	(0.0036) **	2.693 ± 0.337	(0.0053) **
Glutamine	0.967 ± 0.167	1.374 ± 0.286	(0.1274)	1.793 ± 0.491	(0.0884)	2.656 ± 0.309	(0.0007) ***
Glutathione	1.522 ± 0.086	1.744 ± 0.235	(0.2004)	2.388 ± 0.647	(0.1299)	2.774 ± 0.238	(0.0007) ***
Glycerol	2.936 ± 0.200	4.093 ± 0.689	(0.0728)	3.536 ± 0.217	(0.0380) *	4.235 ± 0.352	(0.0071) **
Glycine	0.957 ± 0.073	1.550 ± 0.178	(0.0075) **	1.961 ± 0.316	(0.0099) **	2.612 ± 0.557	(0.0128) *
Isoleucine	1.323 ± 0.051	2.287 ± 0.495	(0.0443) *	2.212 ± 0.327	(0.0187) *	2.658 ± 0.508	(0.0211) *
Lactate	3.359 ± 0.289	4.661 ± 0.524	(0.0306) *	3.600 ± 0.293	(0.2884)	3.797 ± 0.461	(0.2317)
Leucine	1.612 ± 0.074	2.648 ± 0.437	(0.0238)*	2.659 ± 0.366	(0.0156)*	3.130 ± 0.466	(0.0085) **
Lysine	0.924 ± 0.089	1.647 ± 0.307	(0.0269) *	1.448 ± 0.304	(0.0821)	2.310 ± 0.598	(0.0335) *
Maltose	2.686 ± 0.266	1.898 ± 0.426	(0.0775)	1.704 ± 0.482	(0.0636)	1.096 ± 0.257	(0.0010) **
Mannose	4.006 ± 0.089	5.056 ± 0.812	(0.1174)	4.499 ± 0.280	(0.0793)	4.866 ± 0.259	(0.0090) **
N-Acetylglucosamine	0.515 ± 0.030	0.591 ± 0.160	(0.3264)	1.431 ± 0.354	(0.0221) *	1.889 ± 0.559	(0.0267)*
O-Phosphocholine	0.319 ± 0.041	0.820 ± 0.263	(0.0484) *	1.251 ± 0.311	(0.0122) *	1.746 ± 0.595	(0.0292) *
Phenylalanine	1.249 ± 0.115	1.893 ± 0.359	(0.0631)	1.866 ± 0.227	(0.0245) *	2.580 ± 0.625	(0.0447) *
Proline	1.295 ± 0.143	2.452 ± 0.469	(0.0230) *	2.550 ± 0.408	(0.0127) *	2.801 ± 0.373	(0.0034) **
Pyroglutamate	1.194 ± 0.120	2.062 ± 0.517	(0.0704)	1.907 ± 0.253	(0.0209) *	2.353 ± 0.565	(0.0505)
Taurine	0.775 ± 0.066	1.031 ± 0.148	(0.0763)	1.191 ± 0.229	(0.0720)	2.084 ± 0.668	(0.0556)
Threonine	0.895 ± 0.113	1.799 ± 0.504	(0.0592)	1.847 ± 0.325	(0.0157) *	2.247 ± 0.493	(0.0187) *
Trimethylamine N-oxide	2.271 ± 0.130	2.998 ± 0.537	(0.1124)	3.234 ± 0.217	(0.0028) **	3.675 ± 0.513	(0.0192) *
Tyrosine	1.355 ± 0.160	2.687 ± 0.609	(0.0337) *	2.394 ± 0.265	(0.0055) **	2.810 ± 0.373	(0.0044) **
Uridine	1.593 ± 0.155	2.697 ± 0.498	(0.0336) *	2.627 ± 0.418	(0.0303) *	2.934 ± 0.399	(0.0088) **
Valine	1.186 ± 0.073	2.066 ± 0.390	(0.0287)*	2.075 ± 0.322	(0.0182) *	2.586 ± 0.557	(0.0250) *
sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine	2.233 ± 0.224	3.111 ± 0.674	(0.1258)	2.788 ± 0.302	(0.0946)	3.474 ± 0.351	(0.0097) **

Metabolites that were significantly different between the different DSS-treated groups are shown in bold and with an asterisk. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001, compared to the control (DSS 0%).