Table 1.
Patient characteristics. Development data (Liverpool) and external validation data (from seven ocular oncology centers—Leiden, Rotterdam, San Francisco, Rostock, Moscow, Genoa and Essen). The last column reports the pooled estimates of the characteristics.
| Characteristics, n (%) Unless Otherwise Stated | Liverpool (n = 4145) |
Leiden (n = 1086) |
Rotterdam (n = 218) |
San Francisco (n = 138) |
Rostock (n = 138) |
Moscow (n = 134) |
Genoa (n = 73) |
Essen (n = 49) |
Pooled Estimates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at treatment (years), mean (SD) | 61.4 (14.1) | 60.7 (14.4) | 62.0 (14.3) | 60.0 (13.1) | 64.8 (13.8) | 53.0 (13.7) | 62.0 (16.2) | 63.8 (14.7) | 61.2 (14.2) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 2010 (48) | 498 (46) | 111 (51) | 67 (49) | 80 (58) | 84 (63) | 26 (36) | 27 (55) | 2903 (48) |
| Male | 2135 (52) | 588 (54) | 107 (49) | 71 (51) | 58 (42) | 50 (37) | 47 (64) | 22 (45) | 3078 (52) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Largest Ultrasound Diameter (mm), mean (SD) | 12.4 (3.8) | 11.2 (3.7) | 12.9 (3.6) | 11.2 (3.3) | 11.3 (3.5) | 15.4 (3.3) | 15.5 (3.3) | 13.8 (3.7) | 12.3 (3.7) |
| Missing | 110 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 118 |
| Ultrasound tumour Height (mm), mean (SD) | 5.3 (3.4) | 5.6 (3.3) | 7.38 (3.5) | 5.3 (2.1) | 5.2 (2.9) | 9.1 (2.9) | 10.8 (3.5) | 8.6 (3.5) | 5.6 (3.3) |
| Missing | 98 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 106 |
| Ciliary Body Involvement | |||||||||
| No | 3046 (73) | 803 (74) | 154 (71) | 32 (84) | 130 (94) | 93 (69) | 63 (86) | 33 (69) | 4354 (74) |
| Yes | 1098 (27) | 283 (26) | 64 (29) | 6 (16) | 8 (6) | 41 (31) | 10 (14) | 15 (31) | 1525 (26) |
| Missing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 102 |
| Extraocular Melanoma | |||||||||
| No | 3872 (93) | 848 (79) | 191 (88) | 134 (99) | 130 (96) | 119 (89) | 73 (100) | 35 (92) | 5402 (90) |
| Yes | 273 (7) | 228 (21) | 27 (12) | 1 (1) | 5 (4) | 15 (11) | 0 (0) | 3 (8) | 552 (10) |
| Missing | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 24 |
| Epithelioid cells present | |||||||||
| No | 915 (42) | 351 (33) | 74 (34) | 38 (55) | 31 (97) | 61 (46) | 0 (0) | - | 1470 (39) |
| Yes | 1268 (58) | 720 (67) | 144 (66) | 31 (45) | 1 (3) | 71 (53) | 56 (100) | - | 2291 (61) |
| Missing | 1962 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 106 | 2 | 17 | 49 | 2151 |
| Closed PAS+ Loops | |||||||||
| No | 600 (50) | 230 (40) | 124 (58) | - | - | - | - | - | 954 (48) |
| Yes | 597 (50) | 346 (60) | 88 (42) | - | - | - | - | - | 1031 (52) |
| Missing | 2948 | 510 | 0 | 138 | 138 | 134 | 73 | 49 | 3990 |
| MITOC (n, %) | |||||||||
| 0 | 673 (38) | 173 (17) | 14 (8) | 1 (20) | 32 (100) | - | - | - | 893 (30) |
| 1 | 414 (23) | 282 (28) | 27 (16) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | - | 723 (24) |
| 2 | 366 (21) | 291 (29) | 45 (27) | 4 (80) | 0 (0) | - | - | - | 706 (24) |
| 3 | 307 (17) | 264 (26) | 81 (49) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | - | 652 (22) |
| Missing | 2385 | 76 | 51 | 133 | 106 | 134 | 73 | 49 | 3007 |
| Chromosome 3 loss | |||||||||
| No | 333 (55) | 201 (50) | 100 (46) | 22 (58) | - | 77 (57) | 27 (39) | 37 (76) | 797 (53) |
| Yes | 269 (45) | 202 (50) | 117 (54) | 16 (42) | - | 57 (43) | 43 (61) | 12 (24) | 716 (47) |
| Missing | 3543 | 683 | 1 | 100 | 138 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4468 |
| Chromosome 8 gain | |||||||||
| No | 330 (55) | 186 (53) | 82 (38) | 21 (55) | - | 97 (72) | 23 (34) | - | 739 (52) |
| Yes | 272 (45) | 162 (47) | 136 (62) | 17 (45) | - | 37 (28) | 45 (66) | - | 669 (48) |
| Missing | 3543 | 738 | 0 | 100 | 138 | 0 | 5 | 49 | 4573 |
| Follow-up time (years), median | 6.5 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 6.5 |
| (IQR) | (3.2–11.7) | (4.3–5.9) | (2.3–8.0) | (0.5–2.1) | (1.0–6.5) | (4.5–5.7) | (1.1–3.0) | (2.1–3.3) | (3.2–11.7) |
| Outcome | |||||||||
| Alive | 2480 (60) | 440 (41) | 98 (45) | 94 (68) | 121 (88) | 92 (69) | 54 (74) | 42 (86) | 3421 (57) |
| Dead | 1665 (40) | 646 (59) | 120 (55) | 44 (32) | 17 (12) | 42 (31) | 19 (26) | 7 (14) | 2560 (43) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Cause of Death | |||||||||
| Other | 770 (46) | 291 (45) | 36 (30) | - | 4 (27) | 5 (12) | 2 (11) | 2 (33) | 1110 (43) |
| Possible UM metastasis | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 6 (40) | 10 (24) | 2 (11) | 1 (17) | 19 (2) |
| Definite UM metastasis | 893 (54) | 355 (55) | 78 (70) | - | 5 (33) | 27 (64) | 16 (84) | 3 (50) | 1377 (55) |
| Missing | 2 | 0 | 6 | 44 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 55 |
Legend: SD = Standard deviation; PAS = Periodic Acid Schiff; MITOC = mitotic cell count (see Methods); IQR = interquartile range; UM = uveal melanoma.