Figure 3.

ALA-PDT mediated apoptosis and necrosis of CD3⁺CD25⁺ T cells in PBMCs. Healthy donor PBMCs were activated in vitro with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies for three days, followed by ALA incubation (3 mM) for 1 h in the dark. The cells were then irradiated with LED blue light (30 mW/cm², 9 J/cm²). Apoptosis and necrosis at 0, 1, 8, and 24 h after irradiation were measured by flow cytometry with annexin V/fixable viability dye staining. The cells with both negative annexin V and fixable viability dye staining were considered as viable cells. (A) Representative data from resting PBMCs; (B) Representative data from activated PBMCs.