Figure 1.

Outline of the study design. We performed whole-exome sequence of 30 non-invasive gastric cancer (GC cases) and, using Sanger sequencing, we were able to validate 19 cases. There were 50 genes which were mutated in more than three patients and had a mutation rate of >10 mutation/Mb. As a replication study, deep sequence was performed in another 30 non-invasive GC cases for 168 genes, including the 50 genes and 118 previously reported gene mutations. Here, gene mutations of TP53 and LRP1 have been identified as significant in non-invasive cancer. In addition, deep sequence was performed in 19 advanced GC cases for six genes, including TP53 and LRP1.