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. 2020 Feb 13;12(2):432. doi: 10.3390/cancers12020432

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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LMWHs inhibit metastasis formation. LMWHs inhibit P- and L-selectin and the integrin-mediated formation of tumor thrombi and disrupt the cellular interactions required for the metastatic homing of tumor cells by inhibiting VLA-4/vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) interplay. The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis is blocked by both the direct inhibition of CXCR4 and the indirect downregulation of CXCR4 expression by tumor cells through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition.