Table 4.
Volatile compounds in beer brewed with Marynka (M) or Lubelski (L) hop pellets, fermented by L. thermotolerans (Lt) or S. cerevisiae (Sc).
| Compound [µg/L] | LRI 2 | Lt | Sc | Sig. 1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L | M | L | M | |||
| Esters | ||||||
| Ethyl Acetate | 614 | 4302 a | 3200 a | 8525 b | 3116 a | *** |
| n-Propyl acetate 3 | 694 | 0 b | 0 b | 76.6 b | 21.5 a | ** |
| Ethyl butanoate | 789 | 7.4 a | 8.1a | 34.8 b | 36.2 b | *** |
| Isoamyl acetate | 872 | 43.0 a | 65.0 b | 271.7 c | 293.8 c | *** |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 986 | 4.1 a | 8.6 a | 116.4 b | 91.1 b | *** |
| Ethyl octanoate | 1180 | 10.4 a | 11.8 a | 1776.6 b | 2480.4 b | *** |
| Ethyl 2-methyloctanoate 3 | 1209 | 69.7 a | 43.2 a | 10.7 b | 29.2 b | *** |
| 2-Phenylethyl acetate | 1228 | 55.8 a | 57.8 a | 777.14 b | 2863.32 c | *** |
| Ethyl 9-decenoate 3 | 1389 | 0.6 a | 0.4 a | 38.6 b | 105.9 c | *** |
| Ethyl decanoate | 1397 | 4.4 a | 2.7 a | 306.2 b | 392.9 b | *** |
| Isobutyl decanoate 3 | 1546 | 0 a | 0 a | 0.24 b | 0.60 c | *** |
| Ethyl dodecanoate | 1581 | 0.8 a | 0.4 a | 48.3 b | 38.1b | *** |
| Benzyl Benzoate 3 | 1750 | 1.05 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.14 | ns |
| Ethyl tetradecanoate | 1790 | 1.1 a | 0.4 a | 4.8 b | 3.2 b | *** |
| Ethyl pentadecanoate 3 | 1880 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.8 | ns |
| Ethyl 9-hexadecenoate 3 | 1977 | 1.04 ab | 0.55 b | 1.35 a | 1.08 ab | *** |
| Ethyl hexadecanoate | 1990 | 3.4 a | 1.5 a | 10.9 b | 9.8 b | *** |
| Ethyl octadecanoate | 2189 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | ns |
| Alcohols | ||||||
| 2-Methyl-1-propanol | 617 | 123.2 a | 113.7 a | 343.8 b | 441.4 b | *** |
| 3-Methyl-1-butanol | 723 | 8856 a | 7379 a | 11105 b | 17997 c | *** |
| 2-Methyl-1-butanol | 740 | 2413 a | 1792 a | 3888 b | 6544 c | *** |
| 2,3-Butanediol | 768 | 174 a | 136 a | 585 b | 1446 c | *** |
| 3-Ethoxy-1-propanol 3 | 862 | 276.5 a | 91.7 a | 0 b | 0 b | *** |
| 1-Hexanol | 865 | 32.5 a | 27.9 ac | 26.9 ac | 23.4 c | * |
| 1-Heptanol 3 | 954 | 6.6 a | 5.5 a | 12.3b | 12.8 b | ** |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 3 | 1020 | 37.8 | 31.7 | 23.6 | 24.9 | ns |
| 2-Phenylethanol | 1084 | 2151 a | 3807 b | 3892 b | 9196 c | *** |
| 1-Nonanol | 1156 | 61.9 a | 59.2 a | 15.6 b | 16.2 b | ** |
| 2-Propyl-1-heptanol 3 | 1203 | 16.3 | 15.8 | 11.3 | 10.9 | ns |
| 2-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]-ethanol 3 | 1226 | 507 a | 487 ab | 481 ab | 311 b | * |
| 1-Decanol | 1272 | 465 a | 467.8 a | 320.5 b | 186.9 c | *** |
| 1-Undecanol | 1374 | 37.0 | 33.1 | 20.4 | 9.8 | ns |
| 2-Dodecanol | 1417 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | ns |
| Acids | ||||||
| 3-Methylbutanoic acid 3 | 833 | 112.2 | 75.9 | 116.2 | 139.6 | ns |
| 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3 | 858 | 16.9 | 0 | 31.5 | 21.8 | ns |
| Hexanoic acid | 982 | 16.5 a | 11.9 a | 44.0 b | 79.9 b | *** |
| Octanoic acid | 1160 | 297 a | 293 a | 1724 b | 2874 c | *** |
| 9-Decenoic acid 3 | 1358 | 11.0 a | 4.8 b | 12.3 a | 18.8 c | * |
| n-Decanoic acid | 1368 | 69.3 a | 46.6 b | 72.9 a | 126.5 c | *** |
| Phenols | ||||||
| 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol 3 | 1324 | 1.49 a | 1.08 b | 0.47 c | 27.4 d | *** |
| Butylated Hydroxytoluene 3 | 1513 | 0.49 a | 0.7 a | 0.25 b | n/d | *** |
| Carbonyl compounds | ||||||
| Decanal | 1182 | 17.5 a | 14.8 a | 0 b | 0 b | *** |
| 2-Dodecanol 3 | 1417 | 4.75 a | 4.55 a | 1.26 b | 1.35 b | * |
| Acetals | ||||||
| Diethyl acetal | 730 | 7178 a | 6561 a | 2874 b | 2750 b | * |
| 1-Ethoxy-1-propoxyethane 3 | 755 | 24.9 a | 18.3 a | 13 a | 0 b | * |
| 1-Butoxy-1-ethoxyethane 3 | 875 | 21.7 a | 19.8 a | 14.9 a | 39.4 b | * |
| 1-(1-Ethoxyethoxy)pentane | 977 | 133.2 | 123.3 | 112.7 | 140.4 | ns |
| Other compounds | ||||||
| Benzothiazole 3 | 1186 | 78.4 | 156.9 | 134.7 | 88.2 | ns |
| Octane, 1,1′-oxybis- 3 | 1657 | 3.93 | 4.36 | 2.34 | 4.38 | ns |
1 Sig.: significance; *, **, and *** display the significance at 5%, 1%, and 0.5% by least significant difference; ns: not significant. Values with different superscript roman letters (a–d) in the same row are significantly different according to the Tukey’s range test (p < 0.05); 2 LRI—Linear Retention Index; 3 determined semi-quantitatively by measuring the relative peak area of each identified compound, according to the NIST [25] database, in relation to that of the internal standard.