Table 1.
Effects of cytokines on the cellular dynamics of B-cell lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL).
| Cytokine | Action | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL-2 | Protumoral | Reduced apoptosis | [23] |
| Increased growth | [24] | ||
| IL-4 | Protumoral | Reduced apoptosis | [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32] |
| Stimulation of STAT | [33] | ||
| Increase miR-21-5p | [34] | ||
| iNKT alteration | [35] | ||
| IL-6 | Protumoral | Stimulation of STAT3 | [36] |
| Stimulation of NF-kB | [36] | ||
| Modulation of VEGF | [37,38] | ||
| Antitumoral | Action on Toll-like receptor | [39,40] | |
| IL-8 | Protumoral | Increase of BCL-2 | [41,42] |
| Angiogenesis | [43,44] | ||
| IL-9 | Protumoral | Increased proliferation | [45] |
| Decreased apoptosis | [46] | ||
| Increased JAK/STAT | [47,48] | ||
| IL-10 | Protumoral | Increased proliferation | [49,50] |
| Antitumoral | Action on NK cells | [51,52] | |
| IL-17 | Protumoral | Increased IL-6 | [53] |
| Antitumoral | Action on immunity | [54] | |
| IL-21 | Antitumoral | Increased apoptosis | [55,56,57,58,59,60] |
| Increased proliferation of cytotoxic T cells | [61,62] | ||
| IL-22 | Protumoral | Stimulation of STAT3 | [63,64,65,66] |
| Reduced apoptosis | [63,64,65,66] | ||
| IL-23 | Protumoral | Unclear | [67] |
| TNF-alpha | Protumoral | Increased proliferation | [68,69] |
STAT: Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription; INKT: invariant Natural Killer; VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor; BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; NK: Natura Killer; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumour Necrosis Factor.